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KEY PUBLICATIONS AND ONLINE
RESOURCES
CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERE
This page was updated
on: 01/12/10
8
CLIMATE CHANGE
AND FOOD SECURITY IN PACIFIC ISLAND COUNTRIES
(FAO, SPREP, and University of the South
Pacific, December 2008)
This report, jointly published by the Food and Agriculture Organization,
the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)
and the University of the South Pacific, notes that climate change-related
disasters are accentuating the constraints on development in the islands,
which appear to be in a 'constant mode of recovery.' The report calls on
Pacific island countries to review their agriculture, forestry,
fisheries and drinking water development policies, in light of new
information on climate change. The
report.
UNEP
CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY
(UN Environment Programme, 2008)
This publication lays out the UNEP strategy for its programme of work
for 2010-2011. The priorities detailed in the strategy include: adapting
by building resilience; facilitating a transition towards low carbon
societies; improving understanding of climate change science; and
communication and raising public awareness. The
strategy.
UNEP AND
PARTNERS UNITED TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE
(UN Environment Programme, 2008)
This publication details the ways in which UNEP has and plans to work
with governments, civil society and the private sector to combat climate
change. The
publication.
OUR PLANET
(UNEP, 2008)
The latest issue of UNEP's magazine for sustainable development, marking
the climate meeting in Poznan, Poland, is devoted to the nexus of
employment, energy generation and development.
Our Planet: Renewable Energy - Generating power, jobs and development
Public
Finance Mechanisms to Mobilise Investment in Climate Change Mitigation
(UNEP, 2008)
UNEP's Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, under its
Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative, commissioned this report, which
assesses how public monies can leverage commercial financing. The
report.
Carbon and Biodiversity Demonstration Atlas
(UNEP, 2008)
This atlas highlights areas where high carbon content and high
biodiversity overlap, demonstrating that reducing emissions from
deforestation can combat climate change and biodiversity loss. The
atlas.
The Kyoto
Protocol, The Clean Development Mechanism, and the Building and
Construction Sector
(UNEP, 2008)
This report suggests that the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM), which governs the main international carbon market,
should be revised to tap into the power of the building and construction
industry. The
report.
Atmospheric Brown Clouds: REGIONAL
ASSESSMENT REPORT WITH FOCUS ON ASIA
(UN Environment Programme, 2008)
This report shows that, in addition to affecting agriculture and human
health, Atmospheric Brown Clouds (ABCs) – a layer of soot and manmade
particles – can both aggravate, via the absorption of sunlight, and
counteract, via the reflection of sunlight and effects on cloud
formation, climate change due to greenhouse gases. The
report.
POVERTY IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
(Institute of Development Studies, November 2008)
This Bulletin, published by the Institute of Development Studies,
focuses on how climate change has become a mainstream development issue.
The publication links adaptation with a variety of insights and
approaches from poverty and vulnerability to confront the challenges of
climate change. It reframes the adaptation debate and puts forward a
pro-poor adaptation agenda that acknowledges the differentiated and
multidimensional nature of poverty for effective and equitable
adaptation measures, looking at gender dimensions, microfinance, access
to assets, impact on the urban poor, and the economic case of
adaptation. The
bulletin.
ACHIEVING 'GREEN GROWTH' IN A CARBON CONSTRAINED
WORLD
(ODI, October 2008)
This note, written by Jodie Keane and Gareth Potts, assesses the options
available to developing countries, referred to as "carbon constrained"
due to binding emissions targets set under the Kyoto Protocol and to
high oil prices. The authors discuss how 'green growth', economic growth
with reduced or neutral greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, can be promoted
under the emissions reductions mechanisms included in the Kyoto
Protocol. The
note.
TROPICAL
FORESTS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
(ITTO, October 2008)
This report summarizes the deliberations of the International Expert
Meeting on Addressing Climate Change through Sustainable Management of
Tropical Forests, which met for three days in Yokohama, Japan, in
May/June 2008. The meeting endorsed the potential role of sustainable
forest management in the tropics in both mitigating climate change and
helping communities adapt to it. The
report.
THE BALI ACTION PLAN: KEY ISSUES IN THE CLIMATE
NEGOTIATIONS
(UNDP,
September 2008)
This publication, which was authored by Chad Carpenter of UNDP's
Environment and Energy Group, is designed to assist policy makers in understanding the complex issues under
discussion in the negotiating process. The publication considers the
four main "building blocks" that have been the main focus on UN climate
change negotiations since the Bali conference in late 2007. These
building blocks are mitigation, adaptation, technology and finance. The
publication also considers the issue of land use, land-use change and
forestry. These issues will play a critical role in a future
international framework, and will be the focus of the upcoming
negotiations taking place in Poznan, Poland, in December 2008, and
beyond. The
publication.
CLIMATE CHANGE:
FINANCING GLOBAL FORESTS
(Office of Climate Change, UK, October 2008)
Prepared by Johan Eliasch for the UK Government, this review provides a
comprehensive analysis of international financing to reduce forest loss
and its associated impacts on climate change. The
review.
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME – A THREAT TO OUR FUTURE
(Environmental Investigation Agency, October 2008)
Organized environmental crime poses a growing threat, yet remains a low
priority for the enforcement community. Environmental crime includes
illegal trade in wildlife, smuggling of ozone-depleting and
global-warming substances, illicit trade in hazardous waste, illegal
fishing, illegal logging and the associated trade in stolen timber. This
report shows the scale and impacts of environmental crime and calls for
strong political will to tackle it as a matter of urgency. The
report.
CLIMATE CHANGE – CAN SOIL MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
(EC, October 2008)
The report is now available for the European Commission-sponsored
meeting of the same name. The meeting, which convened on 12 June 2008,
in Brussels, Belgium, heard statements from Luc Gnacadja, Executive
Secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification, and
Stavros Dimas, Commissioner for
the Environment, European Commission, among others. Speakers' overall
message was that
soil is part
of the climate change problem, but can – and must – also be part of the
solution. The extent to which soil-emitted greenhouse gases and the
processes leading to these emissions can be reduced requires further
work, but efforts to adopt sound soil management practices and maintain
carbon in soil can help to offset fossil fuel emissions. The
Conference website.
ON PRODUCTS
CONTAINING OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES: A GUIDE TO CUSTOMS OFFICERS AND
INSPECTORS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES
(Nordic Ozone Group, 2008)
This guidebook seeks to inform the work of customs officers in Nordic
countries and to facilitate the cooperation of such officers in the
region. It highlights the importance of controlling ozone depleting
substances, as well as the relevant regulations The
guidebook.
WORLD RESOURCES REPORT 2008:
ROOTS OF RESILIENCE
(WRI, UNEP, UNDP, World Bank, 2008)
The 2008 edition of the World Resources Report argues that properly
designed enterprises can create economic, social, and environmental
resilience that cushion the impacts of climate change, and help provide
needed social stability. It further states that increased resilience
should be part of the response to the risks of climate change, noting
that efforts that foster resilience chart the first steps on the path
out of poverty. The Report is a joint effort produced by the World
Resources Institute (WRI), the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the UN
Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. The
report.
BALI ACTION
PLAN: KEY ISSUES IN THE NEGOTIATIONS – SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS
(UNDP, September 2008)
This summary, published by UNDP, comprises a brief background to the
Bali Action Plan and summarizes six thematic background documents on
mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer and deployment, financing,
LULUCF, and national policies. The
summary.
GREEN JOBS: TOWARDS DECENT WORK IN A SUSTAINABLE,
LOW-CARBON WORLD
(ILO, UNEP, ITUC and International Organisation of Employers, September
2008)
This report suggests that efforts to address climate change could create
millions of new jobs, and finds that changing patterns of employment and
investment resulting from efforts to reduce climate change and its
effects are already generating new jobs in many sectors and economies,
in developed and developing countries. Focusing on "green jobs" in
agriculture, industry, services and administration, the report also
highlights the risks inherent in climate change for the working poor and
the vulnerable. The
report.
PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF ADAPTATION OPTIONS FOR CLIMATE-SENSITIVE
ECOSYSTEMS AND RESOURCES
(USEPA, 2008)
This report is a contribution to the US Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) and
was developed by the Global Change Research Program in the US
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research and
Development. It is one of 21 synthesis and assessment products
commissioned by the CCSP. This report has been peer-reviewed and seeks
to provide the best-available science to date on management adaptations
for ecosystems and resources. The
report.
CLEAN
ENERGY INVESTMENT
(IISD, August 2008)
These reports are the product of a project that looked at investment for
clean energy infrastructure and technologies. Given the massive flows of
investment (both foreign and domestic) necessary to address climate
change and foster development in developing countries, the project
focused on barriers and opportunities for making those flows
materialize. It looked at domestic barriers and opportunities (supported
by three country studies), and at the potential of international
investment law to foster or frustrate clean energy investment. A
synthesis report and policy makers' summary pull together the project's
results, with some concluding thoughts about the direction and
deficiencies of existing efforts at clean energy investment and
technology transfer. The
reports.
TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
(IISD, August 2008)
In June 2008, IISD collaborated with the Government of Denmark, the
German Marshall Fund and the International Centre for Trade and
Sustainable Development to convene a major seminar on trade and climate
change in Copenhagen. The event's background papers have been revised
and finalized, and constitute excellent brief surveys of the key issues
in each of the six areas covered: Liberalization of Trade in
Environmental Goods for Climate Change Mitigation; Border Carbon
Adjustment; Embodied Carbon in Traded Goods; Climate Change, Technology
Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights; Clean Energy Investment, and;
Standards, Labelling and Certification. The
reports.
REFORMING ENERGY SUBSIDIES: OPPORTUNITIES TO CONTRIBUTE THE CLIMATE
CHANGE AGENDA
(UNEP-DTIE, 2008)
The UN Environment Programme's (UNEP) Division of Technology, Industry
and Economics (DTIE) produced this booklet to raise awareness of
energy subsidies and their impact. The publication highlights the
negative results that have been linked to energy subsidies, including
increased consumption and waste, burdened governments, and reduced
investments in renewable energy, and calls for action to facilitate
energy subsidy reform. The
booklet.
UNDP ROLE
AND CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(UNDP, August 2008)
This report argues that environment and energy are central to the core
UN Development Programme (UNDP) mission of poverty reduction, and makes
recommendations about how to improve UNDP environmental programming. The
report.
CLIMATE
RESILIANT CITIES
(UN/ISDR, World Bank and GFDRR, June 2008)
This report, published jointly by the UN International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction, World Bank and Global Facility for Disaster
Reduction and Recovery, provides a tool for city governments in the East
Asia Region to better understand how to plan for climate change impacts
and impending natural disasters through sound urban planning to reduce
vulnerabilities. The main focus of the tool is to identify vulnerable
and at-risk-areas. The
report.
OPPORTUNITIES TO ACHIEVE POVERTY REDUCTION
AND CLIMATE CHANGE BENEFITS THROUGH LOW CARBON ENERGY ACCESS PROGRAMMES:
A REVIEW OF THE PORTFOLIO OF THE ASHDEN AWARDS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY,
FOR THE DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
(Ashden Awards, 2008)
The UK Department for International Development (DFID) commissioned this
study of international winners of the Ashden Awards for Sustainable
Energy. The study seeks to inform DFID and international development
partners of opportunities to scale up low carbon energy access programmes
in order to contribute to climate change mitigation, poverty reduction
and progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. The
report.
BROWSING ON FENCES: PASTORAL LAND RIGHTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
LIVELIHOODS AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
(IIED, May 2008)
This paper developed from an articulated process to address the rights
to land of pastoral groups, within a holistic perspective and accounting
for changes brought about by climate change. It brings together the
inputs of over 120 participants in a web-based forum organized in 2006
and managed by the International Land Coalition on pastoral land rights.
Further materials and lessons have been drawn from a number of projects
and experiences all around the world, in order to provide a
comprehensive update about the rights of nomadic and pastoralist groups
and natural resources. Elements for discussion were contributed by
another web-based forum organized by the World Initiative for
Sustainable Pastoralism in 2007, focusing on climate change, adaptation
and pastoralism, which received contributions from over 80 participants
belonging to or working with pastoral groups in different regions of the
world. The
paper.
CLIMATE
CHANGE AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A ROUGH GUIDE
(International Council on Human Rights Policy, 2008)
This report discusses human rights concerns raised by anthropogenic
climate change and by the strategies devised to address it. It indicates
areas where climate change will have direct and indirect human rights
impacts, and where human rights principles might sharpen policy-making
on climate change, including in the two core policy areas of adaptation
and mitigation. The report also assesses the adequacy of human rights
conceptions and processes to the larger justice concerns climate change
raises. The
report.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER
(IPCC, June 2008)
The sixth in the IPCC Technical Paper series addresses issues of
freshwater and climate change. The paper notes "abundant evidence that
freshwater resources are vulnerable and have the potential to be
strongly impacted by climate change, with wide ranging consequences for
human societies and ecosystems." It also notes projections for increased
flooding and drought, increased water pollution, and the need for
integrated adaptation strategies on both the demand and supply sides.
The paper was developed by an interdisciplinary team of authors from the
three IPCC working groups, and has been subject to expert and government
review, although it has not been considered by the IPCC for its
approval. The
paper.
FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ANSWER IS
BIODIVERSITY
(Greenpeace, June 2008)
This report suggests that a review of recent scientific literature
underlines that the most effective strategy to adapt agriculture to
climate change is to increase biodiversity. A mix of different crops and
varieties in one field is a proven and highly reliable farming method to
increase resilience to erratic weather changes. The report further notes
that the best way to increase stress tolerance in single varieties are
modern breeding technologies that do not entail genetic engineering,
such as marker assisted selection. The
report.
BREAKING
THE CLIMATE DEADLOCK: A GLOBAL DEAL FOR OUR LOW CARBON FUTURE
(Tony Blair/Climate Group, June
2008)
This new report from former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and The
Climate Group assesses the outcomes required in December 2009 at the
Copenhagen Climate Change Conference, urging the "maximum that is
politically realistic and achievable at this time." In the short-term,
the report urges the Hokkaido G8 Summit in July 2008 to agree on a
long-term emissions target of at least a 50 percent reduction in
emissions by 2050, and identify the core elements that should form a
part of the Copenhagen agreement. The report considers a range of
relevant issues, including the role of the carbon markets, financing,
sectoral action, adaptation, the role of forests, technology and
"developing world contributions." The
report.
CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC: RE-UNITING CLIMATE CHANGE
AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(IGES, June 2008)
This paper proposes climate strategies that fully take into account the
needs of developing countries in Asia and the Pacific. It looks at the
impact of climate change in the Asia-Pacific region and current policies
from various aspects such as international framework, market mechanisms,
forestry, biofuels, waste, water and business, and sets out policy
recommendations that integrate climate change policies and sustainable
development and shows the way for new development towards the
realisation of a low-carbon society. The
paper.
GLOBAL TRENDS
IN SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2008
(UNEP, July 2008)
This analysis by the UN Environment Programme shows a surge in renewable
energy investments in 2007, driven by oil prices and concerns about both
climate change and energy security. The report also highlights the
increasing proportion of investment in China, India and Brazil. The
report
(requires free registration).
DESTRUCTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES IN
THE UNITED STATES
(USEPA, July 2008)
This draft report by the United States Enivornmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
analyzes the destruction of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in the US.
In particular, the report examines the technologies and regulations
relating to ODS, recommendations of the Technology and Economic
Assessment Panel (TEAP) and the ability of facilities to meet them. The
report.
KEY ELEMENTS OF
A GLOBAL DEAL ON CLIMATE CHANGE
(LSE, 2008)
Nicholas Stern, of the London School of Economics and Political Science
(LSE), proposes key elements of a global climate policy that seek to
satisfy three basic principles: effectiveness, efficiency, and equity.
Among the specific proposals outlined in this paper are calls for:
developed countries, at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
COP15 meetings in 2009, to commit to cutting emissions by 80-90% from
1990 levels by 2050 together with credible interim targets; developing
countries to commit to enhanced energy efficiency policies, cheaper
technologies and reduced deforestation, and by 2020 developing
countries, subject to developed country performance, to take on
appropriate and binding national targets; working towards an
international cap-and-trade system; integrating forests into global
carbon trading in the medium to long term; globally coordinated
standards, coordinated public funding and targeted concessional finance
to increase technology diffusion and adoption; and integrating
adaptation assistance into development spending to deliver development
goals in a climate-resilient manner. The paper also suggests undertaking
further work in the following areas to take this programme forward:
targets, the role of developing countries in mitigation and trade;
international emissions trading-cap-and-trade; deforestation;
technology; and adaptation. The
paper.
CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED WATER
STRESS AND ITS IMPACTS ON NATURAL AND MANAGED ECOSYSTEMS
(Ecologic, IEEP and SYKE, 2008)
This study explores which ecosystems will be most impacted and analyzes
how the effects of climate change act as causes of additional emissions,
thereby reinforcing global warming in a positive feedback loop. The
paper was prepared for the European Parliament by Ecologic jointly with
the Institute for European Environmental Policies (IEEP) and the Finnish
Environment Institute (SYKE). The study also highlights existing policy
and management approaches, identifies gaps in the regime and concludes
with sector-specific policy recommendations. The
study.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION IN AFRICAN
AGRICULTURE
(Stockholm Environment Institute, 2008)
The Stockholm Environment Institute has published a policy brief and
report on how climate science could be better used for supporting
adaption in African agriculture. The
policy brief. The
full report.
WOMEN –
ENERGY - CLIMATE THEME: GLOBAL INFLUENCE AND LOCAL EFFORTS
(International Network for Sustainable Energy, May 2008) This
newsletter focuses on women, climate change and energy, ranging from
underrepresentation of women in decision-making, to concerns about
environmental risks and women's interests in sustainable solutions and
energy, to regulations used to increase gender balance in society, such
as gender quotas for educational institutes and the work place. The
newsletter.
Helping people build a better
world? Barriers to more environmentally friendly energy production in
China
(Fridtjof Nansen Institute, March 2008)
This report, written by Inga F. Buan, analyzes the changes in the Shell
Group since the 1990s, when energy companies started their greening
processes due to environmental legislation, civil society pressure and
media scrutiny. The report suggests that the role of the state,
short-term economic perspectives, and conflicts of interest are the main
barriers to adopting more environmentally-friendly energy production in
the case of Shell China. The
report.
PLANTS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE: WHICH FUTURE?
(Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 2008)
Written by Belinda Hawkins, Suzanne Sharrock and Kay Havens, this report
seeks to demonstrate the linkages between plant diversity and climate
change and why it is crucially important to care for the world's natural
plant diversity. The
report.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND SECURITY: CHALLENGES FOR
GERMAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION
(GTZ, 2008)
This publication, authored by Alexander Carius, Dennis Tänzler, Achim
Maas - Adelphi Consult, was commissioned and published by Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). It reviews the
security implications of climate change, and then applies the findings
to selected sectors, including water, food and rural development,
infrastructure, energy and transport, urbanisation and governance, as
well as to specific regions, including MENA, Africa, Asia and Pacific
and Latin America. The publication concludes with recommendations on
strategy, policy and practice for German and international development
cooperation. The
paper.
DOWNSIZING DEVELOPMENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO NANO-SCALE TECHNOLOGIES AND
THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL SOUTH
(NGLS/ETC Group, May 2008)
This new book considers the potential role of nano-scale technologies on
development and the Millennium Development Goals. Commissioned by the UN
Non-Governmental Liaison Service (NGLS), the book considers the rapid
growth of the nanotechnology market, which is expected to reach US$1
trillion in size by 2015. The book considers the absence of a regulatory
environment and the need for serious research into the long-term impact
of nanotechnologies, particularly for the developing world. The book was
launched at a panel discussion held as UN headquarters on 14 May, in
parallel with the 16th session of the UN Commission on Sustainable
Development. The
book.
Mitigating climate change: what impact on the
poor?
(ODI, April 2008)
This brief, written by Martin Prowse and Leo Peskett, argues that
policies to mitigate the effects of climate change might have unintended
negative effects on the poor in the short-term. Focusing on Sub-Saharan
Africa, as the region that is lagging farthest behind in achieving MDG 1
on poverty reduction, the brief evaluates four mitigation strategies
and their possible impacts on the poor: environmental labeling; green
growth strategies; biofuel production and food prices; and forest
protection. The
brief.
Energy Security and Sustainable Development in Asia
and the Pacific
(UNESCAP, April 2008)
This report notes that energy security and sustainable development are
high in the global agenda due to: the impact of volatile energy prices;
high demand for energy security; and concerns over environmental
sustainability and the global climate. The report notes that, in Asia
and the Pacific, about 1.7 billion people still rely on traditional
biomass for cooking and heating, and almost 1 billion lack electricity.
This leads to socio-economic costs, imposing a heavy burden on women's
time, with implications for the achievement of the MDGs. The
report.
A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR THE POLAR REGIONS
(IIED, April 2008)
This brief looks at issues such as pollution from opening up of marine
transport routes, exploitation of natural resources, and the risks of
marine acidification, the migration of commercial fish species and
coastal erosion. It describes how a coherent strategy for sustainable
development is needed and could be achieved through adapting the
framework and methodologies of National Sustainable Development
Strategies (NSDSs). The
brief.
THE MULTILATERAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT CONTEXT
FOR BIOFUELS
(IIED, December 2007)
This paper looks at the multilateral trade and investment context for
biofuels, particularly the agricultural crops that are being converted
into liquid fuel on a commercial scale – ethanol and biodiesel. It
summarizes some of the factors driving the rapid expansion in biofuel
production and use, analyzes trade and investment issues for biofuels
and issues on developing standards, and offers proposals for how
governments, particularly small and medium-sized economies, might
develop appropriate trade and investment rules to support a fair and
sustainable biofuels sector. The
paper.
BRING ON THE RIGHT BIOFUELS
(IHT, 23 April 2008)
In this opinion piece published in the International Herald Tribune
and New York Times, Roger Cohen considers the current heated
debate over biofuels. He argues that biofuels – which until recently
were hailed by some as the "answer to everything" and are now dismissed
by critics as "the worst thing since the Black Death" – can be a part of
the solution. He dispels as a myth the claim that growth in biofuel
production is the main cause of recent global food price rises, and
argues that the solution lies in supporting the right kind of biofuel,
such as sugar-based ethanol, rather than corn ethanol. The
article.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND URBAN CHILDREN: IMPACTS AND
IMPLICATIONS FOR ADAPTATION
(IIED, April 2008)
This paper discusses the probable impacts for children from the
increasing risk of storms, flooding, landslides, heat waves, drought and
water supply constraints that climate change is likely to bring to most
urban centers in Africa, Asia and Latin America. It also explores the
implications for adaptation, focusing on preparedness as well as
responses to extreme events and to changes in weather patterns. The
paper.
StatuS of Caribbean Coral reefS After bleaChing And hurriCaneS in
2005
(Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and partners, 2008) This report
documents the devastating impact that the hottest summer and the most
active hurricane season ever recorded in the Northern Hemisphere had on
the coral reefs of the Caribbean and Atlantic Basins. The report
predicts that coral bleaching will be occur more frequently by 2030 and
is likely to be an annual event by 2100, and acknowledges that
atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations must be maintained below
double the pre-industrial levels if coral reefs are going to survive in
something resembling their current form. The
report.
Climate change-induced water stress and its
impacts on natural and managed ecosystems
(European Parliament, 2008)
This study explores which ecosystems will be most impacted and analyses
how the effects of climate change act as causes of additional emissions,
thereby reinforcing global warming in a positive feedback loop. The
paper was prepared for the European Parliament by Ecologic jointly with
the Institute for European Environmental Policies and the Finnish
Environment Institute. The
study.
INDIGENOUS AND TRADITIONAL PEOPLES AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
(IUCN, March 2008)
This study seeks to better understand the potential impacts of climate
change on the livelihoods and cultures of indigenous and traditional
communities, and develops related recommendations, including: formulate
policies that actively involve indigenous and traditional communities in
the international, regional and local climate change discourse;
recognize and actively promote indigenous adaptation strategies; and
monitor the implications of mitigation efforts including the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Reduced Emissions from Deforestation in
Developing countries (REDD) on indigenous and traditional peoples. The
report.
ADAPTNET
(Nautilus Institute at RMIT University, Australia)
AdaptNet is a free weekly newsletter that provides links to the five
best climate change papers that the service finds for that week.
AdaptNet. To
subscribe. Archives in
English,
Vietnamese and
Bahasa Indonesian.
Adaptation to Climate Change in Marine Turtles
(WWF, 2008)
This website aims to provide a platform for the public, educators,
conservationists and scientists to share information and projects to try
to gain a better picture of how climate change will affect turtles and
what might be done to combat the impacts. By 2010, the project hopes to
understand the current state of knowledge about the impacts of climate
change on marine turtles and their habitats with a global network of
marine turtle and climate specialists, and make management
recommendations for their conservation. The website
is an initiative of WWF through a grant from the MacArthur Foundation
and support from Hewlett Packard. It hosts free downloads, information
and scientific research. The
website.
FRAMEWORK FOR A POST-KYOTO CLIMATE CHANGE
AGREEMENT
(Sustainable Development Law and Policy, Volume VII, Issue II, 2008)
In this article, former Global Environment Facility (GEF) Chair Mohamed
El-Ashry considers the elements of a global climate change agreement for
the post-2012 period. He suggests the need for a long-term target on
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and argues that a
future deal will need to be perceived to be equitable by developing
countries. He urges building the trust between North and South and "no
more broken promises" in efforts to secure agreement. El-Ashry's article
is the first of 12 in the latest issue of the Sustainable Development
Law and Policy journal. Other articles consider such issues as the
Clean Development Mechanism, trade law, conservation, carbon
sequestration, the carbon market, and a carbon tax. The
journal.
GENERATING CARBON FINANCE THROUGH AVOIDED DEFORESTATION AND ITS
POTENTIAL TO CREATE CLIMATIC, CONSERVATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
BENEFITS
(Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, February 2008,
Vol. 363, pp. 1917–1924)
In this article, Johannes Ebeling of EcoSecurities and Maï Yasué of the
University of British Columbia consider recent proposals to compensate
developing countries for reducing emissions from deforestation and
degradation (REDD) as part of a future climate change mitigation
agreement. The authors argue that, if credits for such actions were
traded on the carbon market, "even moderate decreases in deforestation
could generate billions of Euros annual for tropical forest
conservation." They consider the challenges in establishing a framework
for rewarding reduced emissions from deforestation, including issues of
"additionality" and going beyond business-as-usual, carbon leakage, and
other governance-related issues. The
article.
WORLD
ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
(IMF, April 2008)
This year's World Economic Outlook (WEO) includes a chapter on climate
change and the global economy, where the IMF cautions that serious
efforts to abate climate change could have rapid and wide-ranging
macroeconomic consequences. To minimize the costs of mitigation
policies, the IMF recommends: long term and credible carbon-pricing
policies; a multilateral policy framework that equitably distributes
costs of mitigation across countries while engaging all groups of
economies in pricing their emissions; and policies that aim for a common
world price for emissions and are sufficiently flexible to accommodate
cyclical economic fluctuations. The
report.
TOWARDS A STRATEGIC
FRAMEWORK ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WORLD BANK GROUP
(World Bank, March 2008)
The World Bank has released a concept and issues paper that develops a
draft for a comprehensive Strategic Framework on Climate Change and
Development for the World Bank Group (WBG). The draft will be subject to
public consultations and proposed for endorsement by the Board in
September 2008. The paper outlines objectives, principles, approaches
and key issues, seeks to articulate the WBG's vision on how to integrate
climate change and development challenges, without compromising growth
and poverty reduction efforts through country operations, including
policy dialogue, lending and analytical work in client countries, and
through regional and global operations. The
paper.
REDUCING DEFORESTATION AND TRADING EMISSIONS:
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS FOR THE POST-KYOTO CARBON MARKET
(Centre for European Economic Research, 2008)
This paper, written by Niels Anger and Jayant Sathaye, quantitatively
assesses the economic implications of crediting carbon abatement from
reduced deforestation for the emissions market in 2020. The authors find
that integrating avoided deforestation in international emissions
trading considerably decreases the costs of post-Kyoto climate policy -
even when accounting for conventional abatement options of developing
countries under the CDM. The
paper.
How to Climate
Proof Development: Adapting to the Inevitable - Challenges in a Water
Stressed World
(Swedish Water House, 2008)
On 5 February 2008, the Swedish Water House, the UN Development
Programme and the Stockholm International Water Institute convened a
seminar titled "Adapting to the Inevitable – Challenges in a Water
Stressed World: How to Climate Proof Development." The seminar used the
recommendations from the 2007/2008 Human Development Report as an entry
point to discuss water-related issues that remain central to both
climate change adaptation and development.
Seminar report.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORCED MIGRATION
(UNHCR, 2008)
This research paper, authored by Etienne Piguet and issued by the UN
High Commissioner on Refuges (UNHCR), explores what impact climate
change is likely to have on migration and provides suggestions on how
the international system of protection should respond to these
challenges, including by increased international cooperation for
collective burden sharing, and by the opening of emigration channels
with the recognition of environmental push factors in subsidiary
international instruments of protection. The
research paper.
MAKING SENSE
OF THE VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET: A COMPARISON OF CARBON OFFSET STANDARDS
(Stockholm Environmental Institute, 2008)
This report discusses the role of the voluntary carbon offset market,
and provides an overview and guide to the most important currently
available standards, using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a
benchmark. The
report.
AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE: LAW ENFORCEMENT,
NATIONAL SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
(Oxford
Research Group, UK, 2008)
This briefing paper focuses on the interlinkages between climate change,
instability and the responsibility to protect, by exploring the social
tensions, in terms of e.g. radical changes in lifestyle and mass
migration, that could arise from climate change, in addition to
describing possible challenges for national security and the military.
The paper also contends that at each stage of this "process" from
climate change, to socio-economic impacts and security consequences,
there are opportunities for prevention, mitigation and adaptation. The
briefing paper.
IEA ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DATABASES
(IEA, 2008)
The International Energy Agency (IEA) collaborates with governments to
collect and classify national policies on climate change mitigation,
renewable energy and energy efficiency, and makes available online
databases of these policies. The IEA has recently updated its Energy
Efficiency Database and the Renewable Energy Database. The
Energy Efficiency Database. The
Renewable Energy Database.
ADAPTATION TO
CLIMATE CHANGE: WHERE DO WE GO FROM BALI?
(Tiempo Climate Newswatch, March 2008)
In this commentary, Sven Harmeling of Germanwatch proposes a number of
ways to move discussions forward on adaptation issues following the UN
Climate Change Conference in Bali in December 2007. He considers the
role that the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative
Action under the Convention (AWGLCA) could play. The AWGLCA is holding
its first meeting from 31 March – 4 April 2008, in Bangkok, Thailand, in
parallel with the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for
Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. The
article.
FINANCING ENERGY EFFICIENCY: LESSONS FROM BRAZIL, CHINA, INDIA AND
BEYOND
(World Bank, 2008)
This World Bank book focuses on China,
India, and Brazil as three of the globe's top 10 energy consumers. The
book draws on the results of a multiyear,
global technical assistance effort known as the Three Country
Energy Efficiency Project, a joint initiative
of the World Bank, the UN Environment Programme's Denmark-based Risoe
Centre (URC), and partners in Brazil, China, and India. It looks at the
different ways of financing energy efficiency, including: ESCOs (energy
service companies) that work with businesses or governments to identify
and design energy efficiency projects, arrange financing, and implement
the projects; energy efficiency loan financing and loan guarantees to
encourage commercial banks to lend money for energy efficiency projects;
and using energy distribution utilities to finance and implement an
energy efficiency programme. The book emphasizes that any financing
approach requires thorough knowledge of the local institutional
environment and enough flexibility to adjust a program or customize it
as it is being scaled up. The
book.
ADAPTATIONS OF FORESTS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY REVIEW
(IUFRO, February 2008)
Written by Chris Eastaugh, this Occasional Paper, published by the
International Union of Forest Research Organizations, summarizes
existing scientific papers and reports on the topic of adaptation of
forests to climate change. It includes a review of the physical science
and a discussion of economic and social impacts. The
paper.
ADAPTATION LEARNING MECHANISM
(UNDP, February 2008)
The UN Development Programme's (UNDP) Adaptation Team has launched the
Country Adaptation Profiles. The profiles are available for over 140
countries and provide two key services: linking climate change risks to
national development priorities; and sharing up-to-date information on
climate change adaptation, including ongoing efforts, science, and
assessments. The
country adaptation profiles.
UNEP YEAR BOOK 2008
(UNEP, February 2008)
The UNEP Year Book 2008: An Overview
of Our Changing Environment, was launched at the tenth special
session of the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum
(20-22 February 2008, Monaco). The latest UNEP Year Book
– which in previous years was
known as the GEO Year Book –
highlights the increasing
complexity of and interlinkages between climate change, ecosystem
integrity, human wellbeing, and economic development. The Year Book also
examines the emergence and influence of economic mechanisms and
market-driven approaches for addressing environmental degradation,
arguing that the emerging "green" economy is driving invention and
innovation to an extent not witnessed since the industrial revolution.
The Year Book is the fifth annual report on the changing environment
produced by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) in collaboration with
many international environmental experts. When presenting this year's
publication in Monaco, UNEP's Executive Director Achim Steiner noted
that investment in environmentally-friendly projects is growing rapidly,
highlighting that combating climate change is increasingly being
perceived as an opportunity rather than a burden. The
Year Book.
IN DEAD WATER: MERGING OF CLIMATE CHANGE WITH
POLLUTION,
OVER-HARVEST, AND INFESTATIONS IN THE WORLD'S FISHING GROUNDS
(UNEP,
February 2008)
This report,
which was compiled by researchers including many from various UN
Environment Programme (UNEP) offices, suggests that at least
three-quarters of the world's key fishing grounds may become seriously
impacted by changes in circulation as a result of the ocean's natural
pumping systems fading and falling. The report draws on a range of new
and emerging science, including the latest assessment report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the World Meteorological
Organization. The
report.
BIOFUELS: MAKING TOUGH CHOICES
(IIED, February 2008)
Authored by Sonja Vermeulen, Annie Dufey and Bill Vorley, this opinion
piece looks at the serious trade-offs involved in the production and use
of biomass-derived alternatives to fossil fuels. It provides a "decision
tree" to guide the interdependent processes of deliberation and analysis
needed for making tough choices in national biofuels development. The
paper.
BIODIVERSITY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND POVERTY:
EXPLORING THE LINKS
(IIED, February 2007)
Authored by Hannah Reid and Krystyna Swiderska, this IIED Brief explores
the links between biodiversity, climate change and poverty. It unpicks
these strands to show that conserving and managing biodiversity can help
natural systems and vulnerable people cope with a shifting global
climate. It suggests that, compared with activities such as forest
conservation and afforestation, biodiversity conservation is a neglected
area. The paper argues that this relative neglect must be addressed, and
that "urgent support is needed for local solutions to biodiversity loss
that provide benefits on all counts." The
paper.
ADAPTING TO CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND CHANGE: A
GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
(USAID Climate Change Program,
2007)
This guidance manual looks at how to
incorporate climate change adaptation when planning and designing
development projects, and it outlines a six-step approach for assessing
vulnerability and implementing adaptation, including to: screen for
vulnerability; identify adaptation options; conduct analysis; select a
course of action; implement adaptations; and evaluate adaptations. The
manual also gives examples of USAID projects applying this approach in
different countries. The
manual.
BETTER
MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WILL REDUCE GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
(EEA, January 2008)
This briefing paper, issued by the European Environment Agency (EEA),
analyzes how better management of municipal waste can contribute to
reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While predicting a significant
decrease in net GHG emissions from municipal waste by 2020, mainly due
to increased recycling and waste recovery, in addition to incineration
combined with energy production and diverting waste away from landfills,
the paper also warns that unsustainable consumption and production
patterns may overshadow the improvements taking place in the waste
management sector. The
briefing paper.
DROUGHT
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
(Oxfam, 2008)
This study is the result of a three-way collaboration between Oxfam in
Viet Nam, the International Environment and Disaster Management (IEDM)
laboratory of the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies (GSGES),
Kyoto University, Japan, and the People's Committee of Ninh Thuan. It
considers some aspects of the recent droughts in the Mekong region and
tries to discover what could be the reasons behind them and how best
they could be mitigated. The
study.
THE
CLIMATE REGIME BEYOND 2012: RECONCILING ASIAN DEVELOPMENTAL PRIORITIES
AND GLOBAL CLIMATE INTERESTS
(IGES, 2008)
This report summarizes the findings from the third round of the
Asia-Pacific multi-stakeholder consultations on the climate regime
beyond 2012 (held in New Delhi and Beijing), organized by the Institute
for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). Participants discussed four
specific themes of importance to the region and the future climate
regime: sectoral approaches; technology development and transfer;
adaptation financing and mainstreaming; and developmental co-benefits of
climate actions. The report also proposes recommendations for
strengthening the future climate regime from an Asian Perspective. The
report.
OVERVIEW
OF UN ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
(UN, 2008)
This report by the UN Secretary-General has been released in advance of
the UN General Assembly's High Level Thematic debate on climate change,
to be held in February 2008. The report notes that an inclusive and
coherent approach to climate change would enable the UN system to
provide support for the negotiations on an international agreement on an
effective post-2012 climate change framework, and provide a multi-sectoral
mechanism through which to deliver on future agreements, as well as
improve implementation of existing mandates. The
report.
G8 IMPACT ON
INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE NEGOTIATIONS - GOOD OR BAD?
(Ecologic, 2007)
This paper, authored by Nils Meyer-Ohlendorf and Henrike Peichert,
analyzes the recent Group of Eight (G8) Summit outcomes and their
practical impacts on international climate change negotiations under the
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The paper maintains
that G8 Summit outcomes appear to yield overall positive influence on
the UNFCCC processes, although more ambitious action needs to be taken
and implemented. The
paper.
A CHALLENGING
CLIMATE – WHAT INTERNATIONAL BANKS SHOULD DO TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE
(BankTrack,
2007)
This report, published by BankTrack - a
network of civil society organizations tracking the operations of the
private financial sector,
contends that commercial banks are of crucial importance
in the transition to a low-carbon economy based on energy efficiency and
renewable energies, underlining their importance in mobilizing and
allocating the necessary financial resources for long run investment.
The
report.
ACCESS TO
WATER - THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SMALL MUNICIPALITIES
(Energy
Research Centre, University of Cape Town, 2007)
This case study emphasizes that, despite uncertainties around
quantitative assessments of climate change impact and water resource
management, climate change will have an effect on water resources.
Focusing on the economic consequences of water resource scarcity on poor
and small municipalities, the study aims to assist municipal planners to
develop appropriate strategies to ensure the sustainability and
affordability of long term water supplies. The
case study.
BALI 2007: ON THE ROAD AGAIN!
(Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, January 2008)
In this reflection on the 2007 UN Climate Change Conference in Bali,
Benito Müller assesses the progress made on the Kyoto Protocol's
Adaptation Fund and on a "road map" for finalizing an agreement in the
next two years on a multilateral framework for post-2012 (when the Kyoto
Protocol's first commitment period ends). He considers countries'
negotiating positions and concludes that a successful outcome in the
future will require a compact between North and South that involves
assistance for developing countries to take action. This agreement is
enshrined in Article 4.7 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change, which states that: "The extent to which developing country
Parties will effectively implement their commitments
will depend on the
effective implementation by developed country Parties of their
commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and
transfer of technology
" The
report.
TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE LINKAGES
(IISD 2007)
This brief, written by Aaron Cosbey, is the first of a pair of
background papers prepared for the Trade Ministers' Dialogue on Climate
Change Issues, held in conjunction with the United Nations Climate
Change Conference in Bali, Indonesia, December 8–9, 2007 (UNFCCC COP 13,
Kyoto Protocol MOP 3). It lays out the full range of linkages by which
trade and climate change are interlinked, including legal linkages,
physical impacts of climate change on trade and investment flows,
impacts of trade and investment policy changes on climate change, and
competitiveness issues. The
paper.
TRADE POLICY TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR
ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
(IISD 2007)
This brief, written by Aaron Cosbey, is the second of a pair of
background papers prepared for the Trade Ministers' Dialogue on Climate
Change Issues, held in conjunction with the United Nations Climate
Change Conference in Bali, Indonesia, December 8–9, 2007 (UNFCCC COP 13,
Kyoto Protocol MOP 3). It examines in depth the ways in which trade and
investment policy might be employed to further climate change
objectives. The discussion covers: liberalizing trade in low emission
goods, allowing subsidies for greenhouse gas reductions, addressing
domestic barriers to clean energy investment, amending intellectual
property rights and lowering fossil fuel subsidies. The
paper.
BOOM OR BUST: HOW COMMODITY PRICE VOLATILITY
IMPEDES POVERTY REDUCTION, AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT
(IISD 2007)
This paper, written by Oli Brown, argues that commodity price volatility
is a serious issue, but not a hopeless one. The basic economic tools
necessary to help commodity producers get more predictable incomes are
well-known and better understood than ever before. This publication
synthesizes a sizeable body of commissioned work to investigate the
experience, problems and promise of five different types of economic
tools: supply management, national revenue management, market-based
price risk management, compensatory finance and alternative trade
initiatives. The
paper, (soon available in French and Spanish).
CAN CHINA CONTINUE
FEEDING ITSELF? THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE
(World Bank, 2007)
This paper by the World Bank's Sustainable Rural and Urban Development
Team looks at the supply and demand for food in China, in light of
near-future expected changes in climate, and examines the effect of
temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues. The analysis
suggests that global warming is likely to be harmful to China, but the
impacts are likely to be different in each region. The paper estimates
that the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the
losses to other farmers in China: the mid-latitude region of China may
benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to
be damaged. However, the study does not capture the effects of changed
water-flow, which, if they occur, could lead to large damages not
addressed in this study. The
study.
STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES TO PREPARE FOR AND
PARTICIPATE IN NEGOTIATIONS ON FUTURE ACTIONS UNDER THE UNFCCC AND ITS
KYOTO PROTOCOL
(Institute of Development Studies, 2007)
This report, authored by Farhana Yamin, summarises the activities
undertaken by the BASIC Project (Building and Strengthening
Institutional Capacities on Climate Change in Brazil, India, China and
South Africa), which has focused on supporting the institutional
capacity of key developing countries to determine what kind of national
and international climate change actions best fit their social,
political and economic circumstances. The
report.
THE TROUBLE WITH
TRAVEL AND TREES: THE AVIATION INDUSTRY AND CARBON OFFSETTING
(International
Institute for Environment and Development, 2007)
This briefing paper
maintains that offsetting schemes based on tree planting or forest
conservation may trigger a number of other problems, including that:
communities may be evicted from land allocated for tree planting or
denied access to forest resources; forest-based offsetting schemes are
subject to uncertainty as forests can be chopped down or burnt, which
releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere; some schemes fail to
prevent "leakage," in which planting trees in one place just shifts
deforestation to another. The paper suggests that for real progress to
be made on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, action needs to go beyond
tree-planting and offsetting. The
briefing paper.
CARBON CRUNCH – COUNTING THE COST
(UNEP FI, December 2007)
This briefing paper, published by the UNEP Finance Initiative's (UNEP FI)
Climate Change Working Group, highlights the role of the finance sector
in climate change mitigation and adaptation, owing to its influence in
directing investment and financial flows,
and reviews
what leading financial institutions are doing to address climate change. The paper also underlines the importance of the
policy making community in setting up the regulatory frameworks that
will provide long-term investment horizons. The
briefing paper.
Asia's Much-Needed Low Carb Diet
(Far Eastern Economic Review, November 2007)
This article, written by Paul Steele and Sergio
Feld,
examines whether Asian countries will emerge as leaders of the
low-carbon revolution. The authors note that Asia could dominate the
world's politics and economics by shifting away from fossil fuels and
toward a low-carbon emissions economy, which would create demand for new
products and new technologies, and open new markets. The
article.
Risk and responsibility in Reduced
Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
(Overseas Development Institute, December 2007)
This paper, written by Leo Peskett and Zoe Harkin, examines how reduced
emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) transaction
mechanisms between buyers and sellers might be established. The paper
also examines the implications that risk reduction mechanisms might have
for different stakeholders in developing countries. The
briefing.
THE
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN NAMIBIA: HOW CLIMATE CHANGE WILL
AFFECT THE CONTRIBUTION OF NAMIBIA'S NATURAL RESOURCES TO ITS ECONOMY
(IIED, 2007)
This discussion paper by Hannah Reid, Linda Sahlén, Jesper Stage, James
MacGregor, for the International Institute
for Environment and Development (IIED), offers
a first attempt to provide economic indicators of how climate change
will affect Namibia – one of the most vulnerable countries in
sub-Saharan Africa. The
discussion paper.
URBAN
ENVIRONMENTS, WEALTH AND HEALTH: SHIFTING BURDENS AND POSSIBLE RESPONSES
IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME NATIONS
(IIED, 2007)
This paper, authored by Gordon McGranahan, examines urban health in low-
and middle-income countries, in relation to persistent local
environmental health burdens, most notably the water, sanitation and
housing deficiencies prevalent in the poor neighborhoods of so many
urban settlements, and emerging global environmental burdens in urban
areas, especially those associated with climate change. The
paper.
UP IN SMOKE? ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
(IIED, 2007)
This report, authored by Hannah Reid and Andrew Simms with Victoria
Johnson, asks whether global warming will send Asia and the Pacific "Up
in Smoke?". The
study.
THE
VOLUNTARY CARBON OFFSETS MARKET
(IIED, 2007)
This paper, authored by Elizabeth Harris, examines the structure and
dynamics of the voluntary retail carbon market and, in light of these
findings, considers the future developments and implications of this
market for sustainable development. The
paper.
If you
would like to submit details of
recently published documents and online resources,
send a message to
Diego Noguera, IISD
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