Farmers

On Tuesday, 17 January 2017, a Working Group of the UN Forum on Forests continued discussions at UN Headquarters in New York City, focused on drafting a Strategic Plan and Programme of Work for the next four years. The Working Group aspires to reach consensus on these documents by the end of the week, so that they can be adopted at a special session on Friday, 20 January, to be considered at the 12th session of UNFF, to be held in May 2017. In the morning, delegates discussed the Programme of Work for 2017-2020, including themes for upcoming UNFF sessions, intersessional work, and financing. A revised text was circulated at lunch, and delegates met within regional groups for discussion. In the afternoon, delegates resumed discussion on the Strategic Plan, with a focus on Global Forest Goals. Translation services ended at 6:00 pm, but delegates continued discussion in an informal capacity, tackling issues such as how to refer to indigenous peoples within the Global Forest Goals. Some delegates expressed concern that the document could become unwieldy if too many targets and thematic areas are included, and encouraged consolidation. IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB Meeting Coverage, provided daily web updates from the UNFF Working Group and Special Session. In addition, IISD Reporting Services has published a summary and analysis report of this event, which is available in HTML and PDF. Liubov Poliakova, Ukraine, requested including more information on work undertaken at the regional level. Markku Aho, Farmers and Small Forest Landowners, said including regional meetings in the 4POW would give opportunity for sharing experiences and best practice. Sibylle Vermont, Switzerland, requested a report of the Trust Fund be presented at each session. Javad Momeni, Iran, called for inclusion of resource mobilization to advance SFM and implementation of the Strategic Plan. Luca Perez, EU, called for aligning the priority thematic areas of discussion for each UNFF session with that year’s HLPF focus. Elias Sekaleli, Lesotho, suggested including progress reports within the 4POW on mobilization of forest finance from different resources particularly from G3FN. Adamou Ibro, Niger, suggested that the mission statement should consider “trees outside of forests.” Delegates conferred during the lunch break. Delegates queued eagerly to receive the revised draft text.

The second day of the African Soil Seminar opened with three parallel thematic sessions. The first session discussed the links between land governance and sustainable land management in Africa, drawing on lessons from Benin and Burkina Faso. The second session explored opportunities to bridge the shortfall in funding commitments for land and soil restoration, such as the estimated US$150 billion required to restore 150 million hectares of agricultural land in order to contribute to the food security aim of the New York Challenge. The session also highlighted the recently launched Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Fund, an initiative of the Global Mechanism of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), which seeks to leverage public funds with private capital. The third session discussed how to design and address food policies through youth programmes and involvement that respond to the challenge of severe hunger and food insecurity that is faced by millions of people around the world, especially in Africa. In the afternoon, a High-Level Plenary convened to discuss the next steps, supporting policies, and partnerships necessary to ensure holistic and effective follow up and review of implementation of the African Union's Agenda 2063 and the Sustainable Development Goals. The discussions explored, among other questions: the kinds of information and knowledge needed to ensure effective monitoring of sustainable land and soil management targets; how to ensure that this information is made available to the poorest and most vulnerable communities; and how to incorporate a wide range of stakeholders into monitoring, follow-up and review mechanisms, especially in the face of a shrinking space for civil society in many countries.   IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB+ Meeting Coverage, has provided a summary of the African Soil Seminar on the 3rd of December 2016, which is available in HTML and PDF. Photos by IISD/ENB | Herman Njoroge Chege For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page. Thematic Session on Land Governance and Sustainable Land Management in Africa: What Lessons to Draw? From L-R: Simon Bodea, TERRE et VIE; Marcellin Allagbe, Centre d'Action Régional pour le Développement Rural (CARDER), Benin; Saydou Koudougou, Groupe de Recherche et d'Action sur le Foncier (GRAF), Burkina Faso; and André Tioro, GRAF, Burkina Faso Sayodu Koudougou, GRAF, Burkina Faso Marcellin Allagbe, CARDER, Benin André Tioro, GRAF, Burkina Faso Simon Bodea, TERRE et VIE, Benin Mary Githaiga, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Kenya Austin Godwin Chiazor Onuoha, African Center for Corporate Responsibility Conclusions from the thematic session on land governance and sustainable land management Thematic Session on Making Investments in Soil Rehabilitation Count for Food Insecure Farmers Clarisse Aduma, Kenya Commercial Bank (KCB Group), discussed innovative financing instruments targeted at smallholder farmers. Philip Osano, Stockholm Environment Institute Yosuke Kotsuji, International Finance Cooperation       Thematic Session on Food Security Policies for 2030 Matheus Alves Zanella, Global Soil Forum, Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany (IASS)   Janet Maro, Sustainable Agriculture Tanzania Samie Blasingame, IASS Siyabonga Myeza, Environmental Monitoring Group, South Africa Nicodemus Nyandiko, Masinde Muliro University, Kenya Boniface Kiteme, Centre for Training and Integrated Research in ASAL (Arid and Semi-Arid Lands) Development, Kenya Diana Lee-Smith, Mazingira Institute, Kenya Daouda Maiga, Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Fisheries, Burkina Faso Participants at tea and coffee break     Plenary on Measuring What Matters: What Knowledge do We Need to Ensure That We Are Moving Forward? From L-R: Ivonne Lobos Alva, IASS; Habtamu Hailu, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ethiopia; McBride Nkhalamba, African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) Secretariat; Florence Mtambanengwe, University of Zimbabwe; Solomon Mkumbwa, UN-HABITAT, Kenya; Rose Oluoch, SDGs Kenya Forum; and Jes Weigelt, IASS Jes Weigelt, IASS Session Facilitator, Ivonne Lobos Alva, IASS McBride Nkhalamba, APRM Secretariat Habtamu Hailu, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ethiopia Rose Oluoch, SDGs Kenya Forum Florence Mtambanengwe, University of Zimbabwe Members of MoTra, an all-female percussion band based in Nairobi, Kenya, entertained participants during the session MoTra, entertained participants during the session         Around the Venue      

The following side events were covered by ENBOTS on Wednesday, 16 November 2016: Agriculture and Food Security Action Event Climate Resilience for Agriculture and Food Security and Zero Hunger Pan-Canadian Climate Cooperation: High-Level Conference of the Parties Dialogue on Provincial and Federal Climate Action in Canada Ecosystem-based Approach for Climate Change Adaptation in the Maldives IISD Reporting Services, through its ENBOTS Meeting Coverage, is providing daily web coverage from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Muzurakis For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Agriculture and Food Security Action Event Presented by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN (FAO) The session was moderated by Rattan Lal, Ohio State University. Miguel Arias Cañete, European Commissioner, Climate and Energy, underscored that agriculture can simultaneously address poverty, hunger and climate change. He noted that numerous countries have included agriculture in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Aziz Akhannouch, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries, Morocco, said that those involved in Africa’s agriculture sector are the most affected by climate change, with 70% of the population linked to agriculture. He underscored that existing climate finance is insufficient to address food insecurity. Stéphane Le Foll, Minister of Agriculture, France, emphasized that climate solutions must address agriculture and food security or they are not solutions. He stressed agriculture’s dual role in mitigation and adaptation, noting that organic matter in soils both sequesters carbon and increases productivity. José Graziano da Silva, Director General, FAO, stressed that climate change poses a fundamental threat to food security, noting that 800 million suffer from hunger in the world, with a further 120 million at risk. Pointing to the Adaptation of African Agriculture (AAA) initiative , Emmanuel Faber, CEO, Danone, highlighted the role of local agriculture and said the private sector should embrace it. Laura Tuck, Vice President for Sustainable Development, World Bank, reiterated the Bank’s commitment to financing climate-related activities. Mohammed Badraoui, Director General, National Agronomic Research Institute, Morocco, underscored the importance of the AAA initiative’s cross-cutting elements, including technology transfer, capacity building and South-South cooperation. Maria Helena Semedo, Deputy Director-General, Natural Resources and Environment, FAO, introduced the FAO’s Global Framework for Action to Cope with Water Scarcity in Agriculture in the Context of Climate Change, which draws on the sector’s existing initiatives, tools and best practices. Pietro Sebastiani, Director General, Development Cooperation, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, highlighted the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact, in which 132 signatory cities commit to the development of sustainable, resilient and inclusive food chains. Jean-Baptiste Dollé, French Livestock Institute, highlighted the Life Beef Carbon project, which aims to reduce European beef production’s carbon footprint by 15% in the next decade compared to 2015. Johnson Boanuh, Director of Environment, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), launched ECOWAS’ Promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture and Agro-Ecology Transition in West Africa initiative, which aims to enhance food security and resilience in rural communities. Amira Gornass, Chair of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), called for an integration of food security and nutrition concerns into climate change policies. Tabaré Aguerre, Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries, Uruguay, noted Uruguay’s innovative initiative on soil management through the universal soil loss equation. Charles Ogang, President, Uganda National Farmers Federation, emphasized the strategic importance of food security as part of climate change solutions. Saleemul Huq, Director, International Centre for Climate Change and Development, drew attention to the difficulty of measuring and aggregating adaptation. During the discussion, participants addressed, inter alia: depletion of natural resources as a threat to global security; strategies to promote linkages between agricultural investments, policies and practice; and land-grabbing as a driver of food insecurity. From L-R: Emmanuel Faber, CEO, Danone; Miguel Arias Cañete, European Commissioner, Climate Action and Energy; Aziz Akhannouch, Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Morocco; Stéphane Le Foll, Minister of Agriculture, France; José Graziano da Silva, Director-General, FAO; and Laura Tuck, Vice President for Sustainable Development, World Bank Miguel Arias Cañete, European Commissioner, Climate and Energy, highlighted the role of EU agriculture policy in increasing climate resilience in rural areas. Stéphane Le Foll, Minister of Agriculture, France, highlighted France’s collaboration with FAO. Aziz Akhannouch, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries, Morocco, underscored the need to put agriculture at the heart of climate negotiations. José Graziano da Silva, Director General, FAO, underscored that climate change is a cornerstone of FAO’s work, noting that FAO has executed more than 500 programmes related to climate change. Laura Tuck, Vice President for Sustainable Development, World Bank, called for a redirection of current agricultural subsidies into climate-smart agriculture projects. Emmanuel Faber, CEO, Danone, highlighted a project with 30,000 farmers in the Great Rift Valley of East Africa who get carbon credits for sustainable agriculture practices. Rattan Lal, Ohio State University, moderated the discussion panel. Room view during the high-level segment Mohammed Badraoui, Director-General, National Agronomic Research Institute, Morocco, noted that the AAA initiative is core to six of the 17 SDGs. Maria Helena Semedo, Deputy Director-General, Natural Resources and Environment, FAO, highlighted that 90% of NDCs refer to agriculture and 70% to water. Pietro Sebastiani, Director-General, Development Cooperation, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, underscored the importance of sustainable diets and nutrition. Johnson Boanuh, Director of Environment, ECOWAS, said the Promotion of Climate-Smart Agriculture and Agro-Ecology Transition in West Africa initiative targets 25 million households by 2025. Jean-Baptiste Dollé, French Livestock Institute, pointed to the fact that more than 2,000 farmers are involved in the Life Beef Carbon project. Tabaré Aguerre, Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries, Uruguay, underscored that it will be impossible to meet the food demands of 9.6 billion people without increasing food production. Amira Gornass, Chair, CFS, said that CFS must bring together diverse stakeholders to develop policy guidance. Charles Ogang, President, Uganda National Farmers Federation, stated that world leaders must “walk the talk” of the Paris Agreement. Saleemul Huq, Director, International Centre for Climate Change and Development, said the scientific community is developing a methodology to measure adaptation. Contacts: Rattan Lal | lal.1@osu.edu More Information: Agriculture and Food Security Action Event Climate Resilience for Agriculture and Food Security and Zero HungerPresented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Bank and the World Food Programme (WFP) This side event, moderated by Paula Caballero, Global Director, Climate Program, World Resource Institute (WRI), concentrated on efforts combining the fights against hunger and climate change, focusing on countries’ experiences, and showcasing the importance of data and financial instruments in facilitating adaptation. David Nabarro, UN Secretary-General’s Adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, on behalf of the UN Secretary-General, noted that the second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 2) on zero hunger by 2030 is crucial for achieving all SDGs, and secure economic development. Highlighting the challenge to support investments and climate adaptation, he stressed the need for people-centered, sustainable, inclusive and resilient agricultural systems. Noting that erratic weather patterns, food insecurity and ongoing conflicts make living conditions unbearable for the poorest of the poor in Afghanistan, HRH Prince Mostapha Zaher, Director General, National Environmental Protection Agency, Afghanistan, called for engaging farmers, pastoralists and all stakeholders in a participatory process to address existing and future challenges. Calling for the promotion of integrated farming to combat food insecurity, Inia Seruiratu, Minister for Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development and National Disaster Management, Fiji, underscored, inter alia, the need for: capacity building; utilization of technology; and preservation of local knowledge, focusing on social rather than economic gains. Emphasizing that food security has to do with both access to and supply of food, Luis Felipe Arauz Cavallini, Minister of Agriculture and Livestock, Costa Rica, highlighted food waste, noting that 10% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the US and UK come from the production, transport and preparation of food that is never consumed. Viwanou Gnassounou, Assistant Secretary-General of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States Group, noted the need to make agriculture more attractive, bringing youth into the sector, scaling up investments and facilitating finance. Noting that 80% of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are linked to SDG 2, José Graziano da Silva, Director General, FAO, underscored the need for increased finance for the agricultural sector, urging support from relevant agents in a position to provide the necessary funds, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Kanayo F. Nwanze, President, IFAD, called for additional support to: small farmers, focusing on climate-related finance to manage risks, as well as early warning systems; women, noting that when you support women, you invest in the community; and youth, in order to “capacitate” future farmers. Highlighting climate change as a multiplier and accelerator of risks, Carlo Scaramella, Deputy Regional Director, Middle East, North Africa, Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, WFP, discussed WFP’s work on early warning systems, enabling anticipation of disasters, early interventions and mitigation of negative impacts.   Stressing that the agricultural sector is responsible for 25% of global emissions, but does not attract more than 3% of overall climate finance, Ethel Sennhauser, Director, Agriculture Global Practice, World Bank, underscored the need to continue raising awareness, and use the NDCs as an opportunity to show that the agricultural sector can be part of the solution to climate change. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, inter alia: the role of traditional knowledge as complementary to that of science; investments in the service providers and the community towards climate-smart agriculture; the potential to use old technologies in adaptation efforts; and human rights considerations in food and agriculture, as well as ways to incorporate them in the work of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). From L-R: HRH Prince Mostapha Zaher, Director General of National Environmental Protection Agency of Afghanistan; Inia Seruiratu, Minister for Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development and National Disaster Management, Fiji; Luis Felipe Arauz Cavallini, Minister of Agriculture and Livestock, Costa Rica; Paula Caballero, Global Director, Climate Program, WRI; and Viwanou Gnassounou, Assistant Secretary-General of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States Group HRH Prince Mostapha Zaher, Director General of National Environmental Protection Agency of Afghanistan, invited climate change deniers to visit Afghanistan and witness glaciers’ melting. David Nabarro, UN Secretary-General’s Adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, on behalf of the UN Secretary-General, noted that agricultural sectors are leading elements of NDCs. Inia Seruiratu, Minister for Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development and National Disaster Management, Fiji, stressed that “the ways we live and cooperate are going to change.” Luis Felipe Arauz Cavallini, Minister of Agriculture and Livestock, Costa Rica, noted that “we tend to see the impact of climate change on food security in a linear way, while interactions are far more complex.” Viwanou Gnassounou, Assistant Secretary-General of the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States Group, discussed ways to make agriculture more attractive to financing institutions. Kanayo F. Nwanze, President, IFAD, said that “development is not something we do for people or to people, development is what people do for themselves.” Paula Caballero, Global Director, Climate Program, WRI, noted that the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development require a fundamental paradigm shift to more resilient, sustainable and inclusive production and consumption patterns. From L-R: Kanayo F. Nwanze, President, IFAD; José Graziano da Silva, Director General, FAO; Paula Caballero, Global Director, Climate Program, WRI; Ethel Sennhauser, Director, Agriculture Global Practice, World Bank; and Carlo Scaramella, Deputy Regional Director, Middle East, North Africa, Europe and CIS countries, WFP José Graziano da Silva, Director General, FAO, said that the impact of food waste is equivalent to that of deforestation. Carlo Scaramella, Deputy Regional Director, Middle East, North Africa, Europe and CIS countries, WFP, urged for sophisticated systems at the global, regional, national and community levels to achieve better management of risks. Ethel Sennhauser, Agriculture Global Practice, World Bank, underscored that “no other sector than agriculture can claim it can heal the planet.” Contacts: Paula Caballero (Moderator) | Paula.Caballero@wri.org Julia Wolf (Coordinator) | Julia.Wolf@fao.org More Information: www.fao.org/home/en www.ifad.org www.worldbank.org www.wfp.org Pan-Canadian Climate Cooperation: High-Level Conference of the Parties Dialogue on Provincial and Federal Climate Action in CanadaPresented by the International Emissions Trading Association (IETA) and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Scott Vaughan, President and CEO, IISD, moderated this event. Eric Solheim, Executive Director, UN Environment, said the success of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer came from citizen action, political leadership, and innovative power of markets and business. He highlighted that after the US election, there is uncertainty in the climate arena, but called for optimism, noting that 2015 had the most investment in solar and wind. He called for political leadership, noting that if the US is not able to lead, China is ready to do so and will need support from countries like Canada. He stressed that addressing climate change is an opportunity for new jobs, acknowledging that transition to low-carbon development may be challenging at the outset. Shannon Phillips, Minister of Environment and Parks, Alberta, noted that the Province has its own carbon pricing architecture in place, including tax rebates and investments in renewable energy. She highlighted that the Province has capped emissions from the oil and gas sector, and underscored that the world must actively listen to working people in order to meet the challenges of transitioning to low-carbon development pathways. David Heurtel, Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and the Fight against Climate Change, Quebec, noted that a lot of work on climate was being done by intranational states. He pointed to partnerships with the city of Guadalajara, Mexico, on a cap-and-trade system, as well as with cities in China; noting that the role of intranational states is being recognized through the Climate Group. He drew attention to the adoption of the zero emission standards for vehicles; and noted that all the investment in cap-and-trade is itself leveraging further investment in green development. Scott Moe, Minister of the Environment, Saskatchewan, noted that the Province is geographically large with a population of 1.15 million people, and called for greater global collaboration to address climate change. He highlighted the Province’s technology innovation in the agricultural industry, which accounts for about a third of Saskatchewan’s exports, expounding on specific research and development advancements in the sector. Glen Murray, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ontario, noted the Province’s interest in working with others to address climate change in a serious way. He stressed the use of market mechanisms, and provided examples of Ontario’s actions, including the circular economy bill and the cap-and-trade bill, stating that these will be instrumental to decarbonizing economies. Don Iveson, Mayor of Edmonton, said that more than three quarters of Canadians live in urban areas, and welcomed the involvement of municipal governments in the implementation of the Paris Agreement. He underscored the need for carbon pricing, and noted that local governments are critical actors in implementing these policies. Stressing the leadership, innovation and partnerships of local governments, he underscored that local and indigenous voices are critical to addressing climate change. He noted that local leaders in the US should continue to work on climate change even if the federal government does not. Underlining climate action as an opportunity for the country, Catherine McKenna, Minister for Environment and Climate Change, Canada, highlighted the efforts made at the local level, including the phasing out of coal in Ontario, zero-emissions vehicles in Quebec and a proposed cap on oil sands emissions in Alberta. She said that COP 22 should celebrate the historic achievements made during 2016, including the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and the ICAO announcement, and then make concrete commitments to address climate at the national level. Natan Obed, President, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, stressed the need for Indigenous Peoples to work with the government on adaptation and mitigation, but noted the distance between the government and the Indigenous Peoples in terms of policy and legislative space. He underscored the expectation that Indigenous Peoples will have a sustained and mutual partnership with the government at climate meetings. From L-R: Shannon Phillips, Minister of Environment and Parks, Alberta; David Heurtel, Minister of Sustainable Development; Scott Moe, Minister of the Environment, Saskatchewan; Glen Murray, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ontario; and Don Iveson, Mayor of Edmonton Shannon Phillips, Minister of Environment and Parks, Alberta, noted that the ideal system to address climate change would be based on an economy-wide carbon price, and reinvestment of the revenues into the sectors that need it most. Scott Vaughan, IISD, moderated this event. Eric Solheim, Executive Director, UN Environment, urged adopting simpler language in environment discussions, calling for “kitchen conversations on climate,” and noting the name change from “UNEP” to “UN Environment.” Shannon Phillips, Minister of Environment and Parks, Alberta, with David Heurtel, Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and the Fight against Climate Change, Quebec Catherine McKenna, Minister for Environment and Climate Change, Canada David Heurtel, Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and the Fight against Climate Change, Quebec, noted significant investments in clean energy and carbon pricing, highlighting that this has spurred jobs growth in the province. Scott Moe, Minister of the Environment, Saskatchewan, noted ongoing climate change mitigation work in coal-fired power plants and in the reduction of methane emissions. Glen Murray, Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Ontario, noted that the Quebec-Ontario partnership is a leader in climate action, and underscored the reduction in energy costs in industrial manufacturing from the use of reused resources. Contacts: Scott Vaughan (Moderator) | svaughan@iisd.org More Information: www.iisd.org www.ieta.org Ecosystem-based Approach for Climate Change Adaptation in the Maldives Presented by the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea (IMELS), the Maldives and the University of Milano-Bicocca Francesco La Camera, Director General, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Italy, highlighted the importance of working together with small island developing States (SIDS), which must be a priority in addressing climate change. He noted the Maldives faces challenges such as ocean acidification and coral reefs degradation. He underscored that the natural changes taking place are beyond the country’s resilience. Abdullahi Majeed, Director General, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Maldives, noted adaptation cost can be reduced by using biodiversity and traditional knowledge. He outlined the Maldives’ initiatives to protect biodiversity, including the creation of a marine protected area (MPA). Majeed underscored that coral bleaching affects livelihoods, economy and biodiversity.  Paolo Galli, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy, noted his University’s Marine Research and High Education Center (MaRHE) in the Maldives, bringing together academics from all over the world. He said to halt coral bleaching and coral diseases, we need to gather data and investigate the solutions, including biomolecular ecology and coral defence mechanisms.  Ahmed Waheed, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Maldives, outlined water security challenges faced by the Maldives, which will be increased by climate change, including: water scarcity; traditional dependency on shallow wells for multipurpose water use; water-borne diseases; flooding; groundwater pollution; and saltwater intrusion. He outlined integrated water resource management measures implemented in the Maldives to tackle such challenges.  Salvatore Mazzola, National Research Centre (CNR), Italy, highlighted the impacts of acoustic pollution on marine life, individual animals and entire species. He underscored research and measurements being carried out to further understand the impacts of sound frequency and intensiveness, as well as their effects in the Maldives, the Mediterranean and the Arctic. Valerio Perusini, e-Geos, Italy, noted that Earth observation satellites support climate change monitoring, measuring both climate causes and effects. He said that remote sensing and pixel dimension combined with temporal resolution provide accurate measures and higher resolution of data. Elisabeth Holland, Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, Fiji, said oceans define the culture and the very being of SIDS populations, delivering livelihoods for families. She noted that her team has supported 120 communities in many SIDS to promote climate resilience and fishery resources. From L-R: Valerio Perusini, e-Geos, Italy; Elisabeth Holland, Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, Fijj; Paolo Galli, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Ahmed Waheed, Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Maldives; and Salvatore Mazzola, CNR, Italy Abdullahi Majeed, Director General, Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Maldives, emphasized that actions must be implemented combining the Rio Conventions and SDGs. Ahmed Waheed, Director General, Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Maldives, outlined vulnerability indicators in the Maldives. Francesco La Camera, Director General, Italian Ministry of Environment and Energy, highlighted the Italian tradition of working in partnership with SIDS. Underscoring work on the ground, Elisabeth Holland, Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, Fijj, noted that oceans define the culture of the SIDS populations. Paolo Galli, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy, noted the structural complexity of coral reefs and that they are the habitat for numerous species. Contacts: Vignola Emmanuela | Vignola.Emmanuela@minammbiente.it More Information: www.marinesciences.unimib.it About | 7 Nov | 8 Nov | 9 Nov | 10 Nov | 11 Nov | 12 Nov | 14 Nov | 15 Nov | 16 Nov | 17 Nov | 18 Nov | Summary The Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the Side (ENBOTS) © <enb@iisd.org> is a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). This issue has been written by Karen Alvarenga, Katherine Browne, Bo-Alex Fredvik, Tallash Kantai, Jennifer Lenhart, Ph.D., Kate Louw, Miquel Muñoz Cabre, Nicole de Paula, and Asterios Tsioumanis, Ph.D. The Digital Editors are Mike Muzurakis and Liz Rubin. The Editor is Elena Kosolapova, Ph.D. <elena@iisd.org>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <kimo@iisd.org>. The opinions expressed in ENBOTS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD and funders. Excerpts from ENBOTS may be used in non-commercial publications only with appropriate academic citation. For permission to use this material in commercial publications, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Services at <kimo@iisd.org>. Electronic versions of issues of ENBOTS from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be found on the IISD Reporting Services website at http://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop22/enbots/. The ENBOTS Team at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be contacted by e-mail at <tallash@iisd.org>. Specific funding for coverage of the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, has been provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the Side (ENBOTS) © <enb@iisd.org> is a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). This issue has been written by Karen Alvarenga, Katherine Browne, Bo-Alex Fredvik, Tallash Kantai, Jennifer Lenhart, Ph.D., Kate Louw, Miquel Muñoz Cabre, Nicole de Paula, and Asterios Tsioumanis, Ph.D. The Digital Editors are Mike Muzurakis and Liz Rubin. The Editor is Elena Kosolapova, Ph.D. <elena@iisd.org>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <kimo@iisd.org>. The opinions expressed in ENBOTS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD and funders. Excerpts from ENBOTS may be used in non-commercial publications only with appropriate academic citation. For permission to use this material in commercial publications, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Se.png" alt="FOEN" /> IISD Reporting Services is grateful to the many donors of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) and recognizes the following as core contributors to the ENB: the European Union, the Government of Switzerland (the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)), the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Support for the Bulletin during 2016 is provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, SWAN International, the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Japanese Ministry of Environment (through the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Funding for translation of the Bulletin into French has been provided by the Government of France, the Wallonia, Québec, and the International Organization of La Francophonie/Institute for Sustainable Development of La Francophonie (IOF/IFDD). Resources for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for Side Events and Exhibits at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Schedule of Side Events at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Overview Schedule for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Host Country Website IISD ENB/ENB+ Meeting Coverage 44th Session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-44), 17-20 October 2016, United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand Bonn Climate Change Conference - May 2016, 16-26 May 2016, Bonn, Germany High-Level Signature Ceremony for the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 22 April 2016, UN Headquarters, New York IPCC-43, 11-13 April 2016, Headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 13 December 2015, Paris, France Coverage of Side Events at the Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 11 December 2015, Paris, France Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2015, 19-23 October 2015, Bonn, Germany IPCC-42, 5-8 October 2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia Bonn Climate Change Conference - August 2015, 31 August - 4 September 2015, Bonn, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany Coverage of Side Events at the Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany 9th Meeting of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Board, 24-26 March 2015, Songdo, Republic of Korea IPCC-41, 24-27 February 2015, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya Geneva Climate Change Conference - February 2015, 8-13 February 2015, Geneva, Switzerland Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-14 December 2014, Lima, Peru Coverage of Side Events at the Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-12 December 2014, Lima, Peru IPCC-40, 27-31 October 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2014, 20-25 October 2014, Bonn, Germany UN Climate Summit 2014 - “Catalyzing Action”, 23 September 2014, UN Headquarters, New York Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2014, 4-15 June 2014, Bonn, Germany 12th Session of the IPCC Working Group III (WGIII-12) and IPCC-39, 7-12 April 2014, Berlin, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - March 2014, 10-14 March 2014, Bonn, Germany WGII-10 and IPCC-38, 25-29 March 2014, Yokohama, Japan IPCC-37, 14-17 October 2013, Batumi, Georgia IPCC-36, 23-26 September 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Additional IISD Resources CLIMATE-L - A Mailing List for News on Climate Change Policy SDG Knowledge Hub - An online resource center for news and commentary regarding the implementation of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Linkages Update - Bi-weekly International Environment and Sustainable Development News © 2016, IISD Reporting Services. All rights reserved. | Photography Usage

On Monday, 14 November, the UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) continued in Marrakech, Morocco. Throughout the day, contact groups and informal consultations took place under the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the COP serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). In the evening the contact group on agenda Items 3-8 convened under the APA. A joint Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI)/Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) informal consultations also took place. The closing plenaries of the 45th sessions of the SBI and the SBSTA, and the second part of the first session of the APA took place in the evening. The APA suspended at 11:23pm. The SBI and SBSTA are expected to close on Tuesday morning. IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB Meeting Coverage, is providing daily web coverage, daily reports and a summary and analysis report from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth. For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions on our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage page. Informal Consultations throughout the Day Informal consultations on Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA) agenda item 8: further matters related to implementation of the Paris Agreement COP informal consultations on linkages between the Technology Mechanism and the Financial Mechanism of the Convention COP informal consultations on the proposal from Papua New Guinea and Mexico to amend Articles 7 and 18 of the Convention COP informal consultations on matters relating to finance: sixth review of the Financial Mechanism Informal consultations by the Presidency on the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) 1 COP informal consultations on matters relating to finance: report of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to the COP and guidance to the GCF First Working Group Session of the Multilateral Assessment View of the dais during the session Mark Sinclair, New Zealand SBI Chair Tomasz Chruszczow, Poland Peer Stiansen, Norway Reed Schuler, US Sylwia Waśniewska, Poland Markus Nauser, Switzerland Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) Closing Plenary View of the dais during the SBSTA closing plenary SBSTA Chair Carlos Fuller, Belize Kanchana Patarachoke, Thailand, speaking on behalf of the G-77/China Ismail Raushan, Maldives, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Lassina Coulibaly, Mali, speaking on behalf of the African Group María Amparo Martínez Arroyo, Mexico, speaking on behalf of the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) Gloria Young, Panama Alicia Ilaga, the Philippines Tunga Bhadra Rai, speaking on behalf of Indigenous Peoples Anne-Beth Skrede, TUNGOs Eddy Pérez, Climate Action Network (CAN) Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) Closing Plenary View of the dais during the SBI closing plenary SBI Chair Tomasz Chruszczow, Poland Sophie Davies, Australia, speaking on behalf of the Umbrella Group Svitlana Grynchuk, Ukraine Rebecca Chien, YOUNGOs Kwon Sei-joong, Republic of Korea, speaking on behalf of the EIG Theo De Jager, Farmers Daniela Rangel Esparza, Women and Gender APA Closing Plenary View of the dais during the APA closing plenary APA Co-Chairs Sarah Baashan, Saudi Arabia, and Jo Tyndall, New Zealand Manasvi Srisodapol, Thailand, speaking on behalf of the G-77/China Franz Perrez, Switzerland Collin Beck, Solomon Islands Peter Horne, Australia, speaking on behalf of the Umbrella Group Ayman Shasly, Saudi Arabia Amjad Abdulla, Maldives, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Gabriela Fischerová, EU Adriana Murillo, Costa Rica, speaking on behalf of the Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC) Diego Pacheco Balanza, Bolivia, speaking on behalf of the Like-Minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) Civil Society Demonstrations throughout the Day Members of civil society call for eliminating the use of fossil fuels Members of civil society advocate for using 100% renewable energy to stay below the 1.5°C limit Youth from New Zealand advocate for an increase in ambition, not emissions Around the Venue UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa congratulates Austrian youth delegates on their 'green footprints' initiative aimed at increasing the participation of children in climate change action High-level event hosted by the COP 22 President to discuss progress made in advancing national adaptation plans (NAPs) Delegates huddle between sessions Delegates speak informally Ismail El Gizouli, Sudan Inger Andersen, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Director General Press briefing with Jonathan Pershing, US Special Envoy for Climate Change UN Security around the venue Chizuru Aoki, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Democratic Republic of the Congo Art made from recycled tires The supermoon rises over the COP 22 venue

Sessions on Friday focused on the theme of “From inspiration to action: Multi-stakeholder engagement for implementation” at the 2016 meeting of the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). In the morning, discussions took place on “Ensuring that no one is left behind – the implementation of the 2030 Agenda by Major Groups and other stakeholders,” and “Multistakeholder approaches at the national level – the opportunity to enhance follow-up and review by engaging Major Groups and other stakeholders.” In the afternoon, a discussion on “Regional experiences” was followed by the wrap-up session, concluding the discussions of the first week. IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB Meeting Coverage, has provided daily reports, daily web coverage and a summary and analysis from HLPF 2016, which is available in HTML and PDF format. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Discussion on “Ensuring that no one is left behind – the implementation of the 2030 Agenda by Major Groups and other stakeholders” View of the dais during the session Jürg Lauber, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN and Vice President of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Barbara Adams, Global Policy Forum (GPF) Yvonne Harz-Pitre, International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) Joan Carling, Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) Berry Vrbanovic, Mayor of Kitchener, Canada Macharia Kamau, Permanent Representative of Kenya to the UN Norma Munguía Aldaraca, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mexico Frances Zainoeddin, Gray Panthers Marco Marzano de Marinis, World Farmers’ Organisation (WFO) Alok Rath, Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) International Sarah Mendelson, US Representative to ECOSOC Peter Thomson, Permanent Representative of Fiji to the UN Discussion on “Multistakeholder approaches at the national level – the opportunity to enhance follow up and review by engaging Major Groups and other stakeholders” Representatives of Major Groups participate in the discussions Inge Herman Rydland, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway Carlos Sérgio Sobral Duarte, Deputy Permanent Representative of Brazil to the UN Yetnebersh Nigussie, Light for the World Antonia Wulff, Education International (EI) Mabel Bianco, Fundación para Estudio e Investigación de la Mujer Harriet Ludwig, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany Annisa Triyanti, Major Group for Children and Youth Guéladio Cissé, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) Regional experiences View of the dais during the session on regional experiences Oh Joon, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the UN and President of ECOSOC Gamini Jayawickrama Perera, Chair of the Asia Pacific Regional Forum and Minister of Sustainable Development and Wildlife, Sri Lanka  Alicia Bárcena, Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Juan José Gómez Camacho, Chair of the Latin America and Caribbean Forum and Permanent Representative of Mexico to the UN Angela Missouri Sherman-Peter, Permanent Observer of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) to the UN Giovanie Biha, Deputy Executive Secretary for Knowledge Delivery of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) Shamshad Akhtar, Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Rima Khalaf, Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of the Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (ESCWA) Janis Karklins, Permanent Representative of the Republic of Latvia to the UN in Geneva Ghada Waly, Minister of Social Solidarity, Egypt Christian Friis Bach, Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and Coordinator of the Regional Commissions Around the Venue Jürg Lauber, Permanent Representative of Switzerland to the UN and Vice President of ECOSOC, speaks with a delegate Members of the Secretariat Delegates discuss matters throughout the day Justine Bell, Canada Abdullah K. Tawlah, Saudi Arabia Country flags line the halls to the UN General Assembly Hall Around the UN Headquarters