Least Developed Countries

With the first week of negotiations coming to a close, one of the day's key events was the joint stocktaking plenary by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). A Gender Dialogue also convened, and the Paris Committee on Capacity-Building (PCCB) held a meeting. The main focus in the negotiations remained on the Paris Agreement Work Programme (PAWP), which needs to be finalized by COP 24. A range of topics were taken up during the day, including finance, adaptation, mitigation, market and non-market approaches, response measures, and the transparency framework. Negotiating groups also met to discuss various other issues on the SBSTA and SBI agendas, including arrangements for intergovernmental meetings, agriculture, and research and systematic observation. For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin. IISD Reporting Services, through its Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) Meeting Coverage, provided daily digital coverage, daily reports, daily videos, and a summary and analysis report from the Bonn Climate Change Conference - April/May 2018. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Gender Dialogue View of the panelists during the Gender Dialogue Una May Gordon, Jamaica Anne Barre, Women Engage for a Common Future (WECF) Rita Mishaan, PCCB Piotr Dombrowicki, Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Young Hee Lee, Adaptation Fund Board Secretariat Sadya Ndoko, UNFCCC Secretariat Verona Collantes, UN Women Maia Tskhvaradze, Advisory Board of the Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) Karina Larsen, CTCN Claudia Octaviano and Stella Gama, Technology Executive Committee (TEC) Thiago de Araújo Mendes, Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) Participants during the discussion High-level Champions’ Dialogue with Observer Organizations View of the dais during the High-Level champion's dialogue with observers Martin Frick, UNFCCC Secretariat Inia Seruiratu, Minister of Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development and National Disaster Management, and High-Level Climate Champion, Fiji Chair Ceris Jones, Farmers Clara von Glasow, Youth NGOs (YOUNGOs) Inga Fritzen Buan, Climate Action Network (CAN) Informal Consultations Throughout the Day APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 3, mitigation SBI informal consultation on matters relating to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) SBI informal consultation on review of the effective implementation of the CTCN APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 8, Adaptation Fund Joint SBSTA, SBI, and APA Stocktaking Plenary View of the dais during the stocktaking plenary APA Co-Chairs Jo Tyndall, New Zealand, and Sarah Baashan, Saudi Arabia SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland Wael Aboulmagd, Egypt, speaking on behalf of the G-77/China Franz Perrez, Switzerland, speaking on behalf of the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) SBSTA Chair Paul Watkinson, France Gebru Jember, Ethiopia, speaking on behalf of the LDCs Amjad Abdulla, Maldives, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Patrick Suckling, Australia, speaking on behalf of the Umbrella Group Tomasz Chruszczow, COP 24 Presidency, Poland, and Incoming COP 24 President Michal Kurtyka, Poland Mohamed Nasr, Gabon, speaking on behalf of the African Group Ravi Prasad, India Majid Shafie-Pour, Iran, speaking on behalf of the Like-minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) Ayman Shasly, Saudi Arabia, speaking on behalf of the Arab Group Eduardo Silva, Chile, speaking on behalf of the Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC) Boriana Kamenova, EU Civil Society Demonstration Members of civil society demonstrate in the corridors to illustrate two pressing forces on negotiators: extreme weather events and fossil fuel lobbyists. The demonstrators called for more attention to be paid to civil society and for negotiators to accelerate climate action 'before it is too late.' Around the Venue Tomasz Chruszczow, COP 24 Presidency, Poland, and Trigg Talley, US Andrew Rakestraw, US, Xiang Gao, China, and Santhosh Manivannan, Singapore Carlos Fuller, Belize, Lidia Wojtal, Climatekos, and SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland Olga Alcaraz, Josep Xercavins, Gisela Torrents, and Laia Segura, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain Sandra Boitumelo Motshwanedi, South Africa, and Neoka Naidoo, CAN  Delegates from CAN encourage delegates to 'step up' their NDC contributions Talieh Wögerbauer, Austria Natsumi Yoshida, Arunima Hakhu, and Kalyani Raj, Women and Gender Dominic Efosa Idaghe, World Conference Center Bonn staff Delegates between sessions Delegates enjoy a moment in the sun

On Friday, negotiations once again focused on the Paris Agreement Work Programme (PAWP), which needs to be finalized by COP 24 in December. A range of topics were taken up during the day, including: the technology framework, issues related to the Adaptation Fund (AF), mitigation, and education, training and public awareness, public participation, and public access to information to enhance actions (ACE). Negotiating groups also met to discuss various other issues on the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) agendas, including National Adaptation Plans, research and systematic observation, and Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform. The fifth workshop of facilitative sharing of views (FSV) under the International Consultation and Analysis also took place, along with the meeting of the Paris Committee on Capacity-Building. For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin. IISD Reporting Services, through its Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) Meeting Coverage, provided daily digital coverage, daily reports, daily videos, and a summary and analysis report from the Bonn Climate Change Conference - April/May 2018. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page SBI Facilitative Sharing of Views Delegates gather for the FSV Ovais Sarmad, UNFCCC Deputy Executive Secretary Felipe Osses, Chile Iniobong Abiola-Awe, Nigeria Jaivardhan Ramanlal Bhatt, India Santhosh Manivannan, Singapore SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland Sawsan Abdalla Ali Obeid Alla, Sudan Joint APA, SBI, and SBSTA Chairs' dialogue with observer organizations L-R: Majda Dabaghi, Business and Industry NGOs (BINGOs); APA Co-Chairs Sarah Baashan, Saudi Arabia, and Jo Tyndall, New Zealand; SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland; and SBSTA Chair Paul Watkinson, France Majda Dabaghi, BINGOs Yunus Arikan, Local Governments and Municipal Authorities (LGMAs) Ceris Jones, Farmers Gillian Nelson, Climate Action Network (CAN) Tracy Bach, Research and Independent NGOs (RINGOs) Joint SBSTA, SBI, and APA Heads of Delegations Meeting View of the dais during the meeting Wael Aboulmagd, Egypt, speaking on behalf of the G-77/China Juan Angulo, Chile Majid Shafie-Pour, Iran, speaking on behalf of the Like-minded Developing Countries (LMDCs) Amjad Abdulla, Maldives, speaking on behalf of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Gebru Jember, Ethiopia, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Pei Liang, China Adão Soares Barbosa, Timor-Leste Jacob Werksman, EU Franz Perrez, Switzerland Rachid Tahiri, Morocco Tong-q Lee, Republic of Korea Informal Consultations Throughout the Day SBSTA informal consultations on research and systematic observation SBI informal consultation on national adaptation plans SBI informal consultation on ways of enhancing the implementation of education, training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information to enhance actions under the Paris Agreement (ACE) APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 3, mitigation Civil Society Demonstrations Members of civil society form a human pyramid representing eight fundamental elements of the Paris Agreement 'rulebook:' human rights, public participation, indigenous people's rights, just transition, gender, food security, ecosystem integrity and protection of biodiversity, and intergenerational equity. They demonstrate that if you remove one block, the entire Agreement will crumble. Delegates gather to watch the demonstration Members of civil society hold a poster to raise awareness about the health impacts of climate change Around the Venue Telling delegates that the 'fourth' is with them, Hugh Sealy, Maldives, and Kelley Kizzier, EU, brandish a lightsaber to encourage a good negotiating session Halldór Thorgeirsson, UNFCCC Secretariat, Luke Daunivalu, COP 23 Presidency, Fiji, and Franz Perrez, Switzerland Patrick Rolland and Jessica Astier, Monaco Delegates from Brazil Amjad Abdulla, Maldives, and Zaheer Fakir, South Africa Felipe Ruiz, Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) Members of the UNFCCC Secretariat confer Wael Hmaidan, CAN International Delegates meet informally

A key focus area on Thursday was the negotiations under the Paris Agreement Work Programme (PAWP), which needs to be finalized by COP 24 in December. A range of topics were taken up during the day, including mitigation and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), finance, the transparency framework, and the mechanism to facilitate the Agreement's implementation and promote compliance. Negotiating groups also met to discuss various other issues on the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) agendas. Capacity building and loss and damage featured among the other key themes on Thursday. The Suva Expert Dialogue on issues related to loss and damage continued for the second day. In addition, the Paris Committee on Capacity-Building (PCCB) held its second meeting, along with the seventh Durban Forum on Capacity-Building. The tenth session of the SBSTA research dialogue also took place. For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin. IISD Reporting Services, through its Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) Meeting Coverage, provided daily digital coverage, daily reports, daily videos, and a summary and analysis report from the Bonn Climate Change Conference - April/May 2018. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Paris Committee on Capacity-Building (PCCB) Members of the PCCB Co-Chair Rita Mishaan, Guatemala Co-Chair Marzena Chodor, Poland Matti Nummelin, Finland Kakhaberi Mdivani, Georgia Jeniffer Hanna, Dominican Republic Crispin d'Auvergne, Saint Lucia Richard Mfumu Lungu, Zambia Mahawan Karuniasa, Indonesia Renilde Ndayishimiye, Burundi Delegates during the session Informal Consultations Throughout the Day APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 13, transparency framework Informal consultations on the report of the Adaptation Committee and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Informal consultations on arrangements for intergovernmental meetings Informal consultations on rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Paris Agreement Article 6.4 APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 4.12, public registry APA informal consultations on Agreement Article 15, compliance Seventh Durban Forum Delegates attending the seventh Durban Forum on Capacity-Building Rita Mishaan, Co-Facilitator SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland Ruth Spencer, Antigua and Barbuda Russell Wiles, Co-Facilitator Yamide Dagnet, NDC Partnership / WRI Delegates discuss matters in breakout groups Tenth Research Dialogue View of the panelists during the research dialogue SBSTA Chair Paul Watkinson, France Shobhakar Dhakal, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Amanda Lynch, World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Salvatore Aricò, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Nicola Tollin, University of Southern Denmark Sakhile Koketso, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Participants during the session Delegates visit the poster display as part of the research dialogue Around the Venue Delegates gather at the start of the day Delegates read the Earth Negotiations Bulletin to keep track of negotiations Enrique Konstantinidis, Climate Action Network (CAN) SBSTA Chair Paul Watkinson, France, speaks with Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo Jim Skea, IPCC, and Mohammed Al Shamsi, Saudi Arabia Delegates between sessions

The Bonn Climate Change Conference continued on Wednesday. Among the day’s key issues was the opening meeting of the Talanoa Dialogue, a global conversation about the efforts to combat climate change involving both parties and non-party stakeholders. Another important theme was the the Paris Agreement Work Programme (PAWP), scheduled for completion at COP 24 in December. Topics discussed during the day included mitigation and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), adaptation, global stocktake, and finance. A number of negotiating groups also met to discuss issues on the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) agendas. In addition, the Suva Expert Dialogue was organized, focusing on issues related to loss and damage. A workshop on Climate Change and Gender also took place. For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin. IISD Reporting Services, through its Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) Meeting Coverage, provided daily digital coverage, daily reports, daily videos, and a summary and analysis report from the Bonn Climate Change Conference - April/May 2018. Photos by IISD/ENB | Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Opening Meeting of the Talanoa Dialogue for Climate Ambition View of the dais during the opening meeting of the Talanoa Dialogue UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa and Inia Seruiratu, Minister of Agriculture, Rural and Maritime Development and National Disaster Management, and High-Level Climate Champion, Fiji Luke Daunivalu, COP 23 Presidency, Fiji, and Tomasz Chruszczow, COP 24 Presidency, Poland Ayman Shasly, Saudi Arabia, speaking on behalf of the Arab Group Wael Aboulmagd, Egypt, speaking on behalf of the G-77/China Gebru Jember, Ethiopia, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Juan Carlos Arredondo Brun, Mexico, speaking on behalf of the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG) Simon Cardy, South Africa Ravi Prasad, India Özlem Ergün Ulueren, Turkey Laura Juliana Arciniegas Rojas, Colombia, speaking on behalf of the Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (AILAC) Emma Clemens, Youth NGOs (YOUNGOs) Hitoshi Suzuki, Trade Union NGOs (TUNGOs) Majda Dabaghi, Business NGOs (BINGOs) Anne Olhoff, UNEP DTU Partnership Jim Skea, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, Civil Society Representative Anirban Ghosh, Mahindra Group SBI Gender In-Session Workshop Participants during the SBI gender in-session workshop Lisa Gittos, Australia Jeniffer Collado, Dominican Republic Elias Abourizk, Canada Gotelind Alber, Gender CC - Women for Climate Justice Technical Expert Meeting - Mitigation Participants during the Technical Expert Meeting (TEM) focused on mitigation Jean-Pierre Maugendre, Suez Environnement Inês Santos Costa, Ministry of Environment, Portugal Preeti Srivastav, Ecofys Sunandan Tiwari, ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability Araceli Fernandez Pales, International Energy Agency (IEA) Special Briefing on the Global Climate Action Summit Delegates attend the special briefing on the Global Climate Action Summit Anirban Ghosh, Mahindra Group UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa  Nick Nuttall, Global Climate Action Summit Suva Expert Dialogue View of the dais during the Suva Expert Dialogue Luke Daunivalu, COP 23 Presidency, Fiji SBI Chair Emmanuel Dlamini, Swaziland Erling Kvernevik, Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage (WIM ExCom) Co-Chair, Norway Musonda Mumba, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Vhalinavho Khavhagali, Executive Committee of the WIM ExCom Co-Chair, South Africa A word cloud produced during the session demonstrates how delegates are most affected by climate change Participants discuss loss and damage in break-out groups Around the Venue Tomasz Chruszczow, COP 24 Presidency, Poland, and Claudio Forner, UNFCCC Secretariat Talieh Wögerbauer, Austria UNFCCC Executive Secretary Patricia Espinosa Yunus Arikan and Carlos David Jacome Polit, ICLEI William Agyemang-Bonsu, UNFCCC Secretariat, Carlos Fuller, Belize, and Kishan Kumarsingh, Trinidad and Tobago Delegates between sessions Rob Bradley, NDC Partnership

The fourth Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) Forum opened on Wednesday, 2 May 2018, at the Convento do Beato in Lisbon, Portugal. Under the overarching theme of ‘Leaving No One Behind,’ the two-day Forum is: reviewing the latest evidence of progress on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 (access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all; exploring scalable innovations to achieve the three SEforALL objectives of electricity access, accelerating renewable energy and improving energy efficiency; and reflecting on lessons learned regarding what is needed to reach the “last mile” populations. Highlights of the first day included: Presentation of results from the 2018 Tracking SDG 7 Energy Progress Report; A high-level panel discussion on policy matters, focusing on national strategies to accelerate progress towards SDG 7, including perspectives on how to address challenges in meeting sustainable energy and climate goals; A “Wake Up Call” from Rachel Kyte, SEforALL CEO, on what is needed to achieve SDG 7; Three “Deep Dive” sessions exploring the themes of: electricity for all in sub-Saharan Africa; clean fuels for all; and cooling for all; Nine parallel discussion sessions organized by SEforALL partners; An interactive session on gender inclusive investing in clean energy, which discussed linkages between SDGs 5 (gender equality) and 7; and A marketplace on solutions to achieve clean and affordable energy for all. IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB+ Meeting Coverage, has provided daily digital coverage and a summary report from the 4th SEforALL Forum. The summry report is now available in HTML and PDF. Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Muzurakis For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Opening Plenary Rachel Kyte, SEforALL CEO and Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All António Luís Guerra Nunes Mexia, CEO, Energias de Portugal (EDP)   Elizabeth Press, Director of Planning and Programme Support, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Maria Neira, World Health Organization (WHO) Riccardo Puliti, Senior Director, Head of the Energy and Extractives Global Practice, World Bank Group Vivien Foster, Global Lead for Energy Economics, Markets and Institutions, World Bank Group From L-R: Laura Cozzi, Head of the Energy Demand Outlook Division, International Energy Agency (IEA); Vivien Foster, Global Lead for Energy Economics, Markets and Institutions, World Bank Group; Maria Neira, WHO; and Elizabeth Press, Director of Planning and Programme Support, IRENA Per Heggenes, CEO, IKEA Foundation Sheila Oparaocha, International Secretariat, ENERGIA From L-R: Elizabeth Littlefield, Senior Counselor, Albright Stonebridge Group; Gale Rigobert, Minister for Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development, Saint Lucia; Leonardo Beltran Rodriguez, Deputy Secretary for Energy Planning and Transition, Mexico; Germaine Kamayirese, Minister for Energy, Water and Sanitation, Rwanda; Masamichi Kono, Deputy Secretary-General, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); and João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister of Environment, Portugal Gale Rigobert, Minister for Education, Innovation, Gender Relations and Sustainable Development, Saint Lucia Leonardo Beltran Rodriguez, Deputy Seretary for Energy Planning and Transition, Mexico Germaine Kamayirese, Minister for Energy, Water and Sanitation, Rwanda Masamichi Kono, Deputy Secretary-General, OECD João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister of Environment, Portugal Fernando Medina, Mayor of Lisbon Heidi Schroderus-Fox, United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) Winners of the "Voices of a Brighter Future" journalism competition Laura Cozzi, Head of the Energy Demand Outlook Division, IEA, with Bertrand Magne, SEforALL Participants conferring during a coffee break The Deep Dive: Electricity for All in Sub-Saharan Africa From L-R: James Mwangi, Executive Director, Dalberg Group; Andrew Herscowitz, Coordinator for Power Africa, US Agency for International Development (USAID); Felix Bikpo, CEO, African Guarantee Fund for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises; Kristina Skierka, Co-Founder and CEO, Power for All; Nthabiseng Mosia, Co-Founder and CFO, Azimuth | Easy Solar; and Philippe Miquel, CEO Western & Central Africa, ENGIE Andrew Herscowitz, Coordinator for Power Africa, USAID, and Felix Bikpo, CEO, African Guarantee Fund for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Nthabiseng Mosia, Co-Founder and CFO, Azimuth | Easy Solar Shegun Bakari, Advisor to President of Togo The Deep Dive: Clean Fuels for All View of the panel during the session Bessem Enonchong, Country Director, Cameroon, Global LPG Partnership (GLPGP) Hajia Alima Mahama, Minister for Local Government and Rural Development, Ghana The Deep Dive: Cooling for All From L-R: Nithya Ramanathan, Co-Founder and CEO, Nexleaf Analytics; Maria Neira, Director of the Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, WHO; and Andrea Voigt, Director-General, European Partnership for Energy and the Environment Fatih Özkadi, Global Head of Sustainability and Corporate Affairs, Arçelik Group Nithya Ramanathan, Co-Founder and CEO, Nexleaf Analytics Interactive Lunch - Addressing SDGs 5 and 7: Gender Inclusive Investing in Clean Energy Jennifer Pryce, Calvert Impact Capital Leigh Moran, Calvert Impact Capital Clean Cooking Fuels for All: Moving Beyond the Improved Stove Tom Derksen, Managing Director Energy, Netherlands Development Organisation Eco Matser, Senior Programme Manager, Hivos Participants exchange views in one of the five break-out groups at the session Data that Drives SDG 7: Emerging Findings from the Global Energy Access Survey View of the panel during the session Dana Rysankova, Senior Energy Specialist, and Elisa Portale, Senior Energy Economist, World Bank Group Annemarije Kooijman-van Dijk, Coordinator of Gender and Energy Research Programme, ENERGIA, and Zhihong Zhang, Senior Program Coordinator, Climate Investment Funds, World Bank Group The Energy Access Dividend- Data that Informs and Influences From L-R: Marc Jeuland, Associate Professor of Public Policy and Global Health, Duke University; Vivian Vendeirinho, Founder and Managing Director, RVE.SOL; and Linda Davis, Director of Partnerships, wPower Hub Rebekah Shirley, Director of Research, Power for All Leslie Labruto, Associate Director of Global Energy, Acumen Enabling Jobs with Energy - Opportunities, Challenges and Ongoing Activities View of the panel during the session Farai Evans Chabat, Entrepreneur, President, Youth in Energy Rebecca Symington, Executive Director and Trustee, Mlinda Foundation Karin Reiss, Sustainable Energy Expert, UN Industrial Development Organization Last Mile First: Maximizing the Impacts of Energy Access on the SDGs Davida Wood, Lead, Energy Access and Governance, World Resources Institute (WRI) Isaac Kiva, Secretary for Renewable Energy, Ministry of Energy, Kenya Sarah Wykes, Lead Analyst, Climate Change and Energy, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development (CAFOD) Unlocking Energy Efficiency Finance for High-Impact Areas From L-R: Lily Riahi, Advisor on Sustainable Cities, UN Environment; Amadou Thierno Diallo, Director of Global Practices, Economic and Social Infrastructure, Islamic Development Bank; Steve Kukoda, Vice President, International Copper Alliance; Mark Lister, Head of the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency; and Ariel Yepez, Chief of the Energy Division, Inter-American Development Bank Lily Riahi, Advisor on Sustainable Cities, UN Environment Steve Kukoda, Vice President, International Copper Alliance Mark Lister, Head of the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency Between Sessions