Least Developed Countries

The following side events were covered by ENBOTS on Thursday, 17 November 2016: Realizing the Potential of the Paris Agreement Research for Climate Action A Common Natural Intangible Heritage: A Platform for Ethics and Justice on Climate Change Policies Can Private Sector Lead the Way? Rights and Equity in Climate Policy: Translating Words into Action IISD Reporting Services, through its ENBOTS Meeting Coverage, is providing daily web coverage from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Muzurakis, Liz Rubin and Tallash Kantai For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Realizing the Potential of the Paris AgreementPresented by the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, Arizona State University, the Trustees of Tufts College and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Robert Stavins and Robert Stowe, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, co-moderated the panel. Daniel Bodansky, Arizona State University, US, drew attention to outstanding issues to be addressed in the Paris Agreement including: what type of rules address specific issues; to whom do rules apply; in what cases is the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) action required; what is the default if the CMA fails to adopt rules; and what is the “binding-ness” of rules? Discussing the recent US election, he highlighted three scenarios for US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and potential implications for the UNFCCC and climate change mitigation broadly. Stavins stressed that as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are anchored in domestic political realities, the question is if they will adequately address ambition. As an answer to this challenge, he highlighted policy instruments to establish linkages to heterogeneous regional, national and sub-national policies. He stressed that the task for ongoing research is to determine which linkages are desirable, feasible and wise. Ottmar Edenhofer, Deputy Director and Chief Economist, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, stressed that, while the Paris Agreement was a diplomatic success, the crucial question is how it will solve the public goods problem of international cooperation. Referencing the game theory in relation to public goods, he noted that contribution drops when free-riding is observed, and voluntary contributions are non-transparent. He stressed that an important shortcoming of the Paris Agreement is its projects-based finance transfer scheme, which limits alternative financing options. Kelly Sims Gallagher, the Fletcher School at Tufts University, underscored that bilateral and multilateral agreements can be complementary to the UNFCCC. She stressed that agreements among smaller, like-minded sets of countries are the “new imperative.” She pointed to two examples, including: the 2008 Brazil-Norway bilateral agreement to reduce deforestation, and two US-China joint statements which launched early articulation of NDCs. During discussions, participants addressed, inter alia: challenges of linking bilateral and multilateral agreements to the UNFCCC; communication of proposed measures to the broader public; and collective versus common obligations. From L-R: Robert Stavins, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Ottmar Edenhofer, Deputy Director and Chief Economist, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research; Robert Stowe, Harvard Kennedy School of Government; Daniel Bodansky, Arizona State University; and Kelly Sims Gallagher, the Fletcher School at Tufts University Robert Stavins, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, stressed that the success of the Paris Agreement will not be known for decades. Daniel Bodansky, Arizona State University, described the Paris Agreement as a “hybrid outcome.” Ottmar Edenhofer, Deputy Director and Chief Economist, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, underscored that “coal alone will absorb most of the available carbon budget.” Kelly Sims Gallagher, the Fletcher School at Tufts University, said that bilateral and multilateral agreements can be “highly complementary and catalytic for the Paris Agreement”; and announced the establishment of a Climate Policy Lab at the Fletcher School. Contacts: Mieke van der Wansem (Coordinator) | mieke.wansem@tufts.edu Robert Stavins (Moderator) | Robert_stavins@hks.harvard.edu More Information: Harvard Project on Climate Agreements Research for Climate ActionPresented by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Research for Climate Action (RCA) The event was moderated by Nathan Hultman, Director, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland. Thani Ahmed Al Zeyoudi, Minister of Climate Change and Environment, United Arab Emirates (UAE), launched the Research for Climate Action partnership. Laurence Tubiana, Climate Change Champion, underscored the evolution of research in climate policy, noting the importance of embedding research into policy making. She argued that sound policies and investment plans are key to addressing climate change. Daniel Kammen, Director, Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL), University of California, Berkeley, emphasized the vast research needs for meeting mid-century climate targets. He noted research is more effective with international collaboration, and presented the Smart Villages Network. Robert Orr, Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on Climate Change, underscored the importance of mobilizing new constituencies for immediate action on climate change and highlighted RCA’s role in providing applied research to help decision makers address specific climate change problems. Ajay Mathur, Director General, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), underscored the importance of supporting efforts to accelerate action through multi-level and multi-actor policies. He emphasized that different sectors need different goals, adding that RCA’s key focus is determining which research questions it will seek to answer. Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, underscored the need for academia to map disruptive possibilities for climate mitigation. She emphasized that while Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are at the national level, most action is local, particularly regarding adaptation. She said RCA can be policy-prescriptive, and should have a complementary role to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Hultman then stressed that the post-Paris climate process is multi-stakeholder in nature, and emphasized that research is now demand-driven. Nicholas Stern, London School of Economics and Political Science, said academics need to provide answers in time frames relevant for policymakers, and communicate better. He suggested focusing first on the largest and most urgent problems, noting that the greatest mitigation impact is in energy, cities and land use. He added that it is crucial to avoid lock-in into carbon-intensive infrastructure, and stressed the need to deal simultaneously with adaptation, mitigation and development. Stern said more research is needed on the transition to low-carbon pathways. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, among others: the importance of communication and outreach from the scientific community; how to make climate services available to users; lack of resources to engage researchers from developing countries; the role of traditional knowledge; linking academic and practitioner knowledge; and behavioral policies. From L-R: Nathan Hultman, Director, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland; Ajay Mathur, Director General, TERI; and Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Nicholas Stern, London School of Economics and Political Science, with Robert Orr, Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General on Climate Change Ajay Mathur, Director General, TERI Suzana Kahn Ribeiro, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Nathan Hultman, Director, Center for Global Sustainability, University of Maryland Thani Ahmed Al Zeyoudi, Minister, Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, UAE Thani Ahmed Al Zeyoudi, Minister, Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, UAE Contacts: Nathan Hulman | hultman@umd.edu More Information: www.researchforclimateaction.org/ A Common Natural Intangible Heritage: A Platform for Ethics and Justice on Climate Change PoliciesPresented by the Ministry of Environment, Portugal, and Universidade Nova de Lisboa This side event, moderated by Francisco Ferreira, Zero - Associação Sistema Terrestre Sustentável, discussed the Common Home of Humankind (CHH) approach, addressing the bio-geophysical space, defined as “Safe Operating Space of Humankind,” as a new subject of law, enabling thus the inclusion of all positive and negative externalities in a fair and equitable accountancy system. Ferreira discussed differences and complementarities between the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Common Home of Humanity (CHH) approach. He noted that under the UNFCCC, climate and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the focal points, often disregarding interdependencies that make climate part of the system and not the starting point. He underscored the need for an integrated system, along with a simplified accounting system, and stressed that CHH aims to: legally recognize the Holocene-like state of the Earth system; lay out the guiding principles for the construction of an Earth System Accounting Framework (ESAF); and develop the CHH as a science-based legal construct. Emphasizing that the project will benefit the whole humanity, João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister for the Environment, Portugal, stressed, among others, the need to: link the planetary boundaries to our use of natural resources; establish methodologies and indicators addressing the equilibrium of the Earth system; and recognize the security levels under which the planet is functioning, including their legal dimensions. Paulo Magalhães, Chair, CHH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, presented on the CHH as a science-based legal construct. He identified the difference between the spatial dimension of the Earth and the quality of the Earth system, noting that the existence of intangible goods, simultaneously inside and outside national sovereignty, poses an important legal question in the realm of international law. Providing a metaphor of the planet as the hardware and the Earth system as software, Magalhães focused on a question originally posed by Alexander Kiss, namely “how can we admit that a good that belongs to no one may be governed by a specific law?” Discussing the ESAF, Alessandro Galli, Global Footprint Network, noted its construction necessitates that it be grounded in a global legal instrument. Noting that countries could be differentiated between “Earth system damaging” ones that use the Earth system beyond the set baseline, and “Earth system maintaining” ones, he emphasized that economics are concerned with value, not accounting for justice and rights, and thus, economic compensation does not guarantee equity. Nathalie Meusy, Co-Chair, CHH, and European Space Agency (ESA), discussed the launch of a book titled “The Safe Operating Space (SOS) Treaty – A new approach to managing our use of the Earth System,” which explores a new legal framework together with a novel accounting system to help humanity nurture and strengthen a favorable state of the commons at the planetary level. She underscored that space is not only about technique but also about emotions, and highlighted the “overview effect” – a physical and psychological state astronauts find themselves in when looking at the planet moving slowly – creating feelings of compassion and love for the planet, resulting in a wish to protect it. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, inter alia: the distinction between finance and economics; the inclusion of philosophy and ethics in the project; the notion of respect regarding the management of natural resources; and near-term deliverables of the project. From L-R: Alessandro Galli, Global Footprint Network; Nathalie Meusy, Co-Chair, CHH, and ESA; João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister for the Environment, Portugal; Francisco Ferreira, Zero - Associação Sistema Terrestre Sustentável; and Paulo Magalhães, Chair, CHH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa João Pedro Matos Fernandes, Minister for the Environment, Portugal, urged for a paradigm shift regarding resource use to “preserve life as we know it.” Nathalie Meusy, Co-Chair, CHH, and ESA, stressed that space research is a key tool for observing, measuring and monitoring the Earth. Paulo Magalhães, Chair, CHH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, underscored that “as long as the value of the biosphere is only visible through its destruction, it is impossible to protect it.” Alessandro Galli, Global Footprint Network, emphasized the bio-geophysical, economic, legal and governance elements of an Earth-centered, legal and governance system. Francisco Ferreira, Zero-Associação Sistema Terrestre Sustentável, invited participants to CHH’s first global conference to be held in 2017. Contacts: Paulo Magalhães | paulo.magalhaes@commonhomeofhumanity.org Catarina Sousa (Coordinator) | catarina.sousa@sg.mamb.gov.pt Iva Pires (Coordinator) | im.pires@fcsh.unl.pt More Information: www.commonhomeofhumanity.org Can Private Sector Lead the Way?Presented by Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities Kikuko Shinchi, Consultant, Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities, moderated the session. He noted the need to scale up the private sector’s engagement in addressing climate adaptation. Jun Takashina, Deputy Director General for Technology and Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, said adaptation awareness is increasing and is crucial to ensure sustainable development. He noted that, in addition to the Adaptation Fund (AF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) will strengthen adaptation projects. Mari Yoshitaka, Chief Consultant, Clean Energy Finance Division Mitsubishi UFJ Morgan Stanley Securities, outlined a study commissioned by the Japanese government for promoting adaptation activities led by the Japanese private sector. She concluded that greater efforts are needed to encourage more private sector participation, and recognition that adaptation brings business opportunities is required. Mozaharul Alam, Regional Climate Coordinator, UN Environment Regional Office for the Asia and Pacific, highlighted the importance of innovation in adaptation projects in the Asia-Pacific region. He noted the need for the private sector to include adaptation planning in their mainstream investments, and for promoting existing technology transfers to developing countries. Daouda Ndiaye, Senior Climate Change Specialist, AF, underscored the need for more resources to address adaptation issues in least developed countries (LDCs). He noted AF projects that support small farmers, and co-financing for medium-size farmers to develop sustainable financial mechanisms. Ndiaye said countries need to develop policies to attract the private sector, which can contribute to achieving the climate finance target of US$100 billion per year by 2020. Masakazu Murakami, Senior Associate, Responsible Care Department, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., shared experiences from the chemical industry contributing to a low-carbon society in water, food and health sectors. He showcased a long-lasting insecticidal mosquito net, approved by the WHO, to protect people from malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Saleemul Huq, Director, International Centre for Climate Change and Development, Bangladesh, noted the Bangladesh’s strategic adaptation plan and a fund to carry out projects in the country. He highlighted a private sector project that developed rice seeds that can adapt to water salinity. Toshiaki Nagata, Deputy Director, Global Environment Partnership Office, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, underscored how public policies can promote private sector activities. He said the private sector can maximize adaptation measures through experience, resilience, technologies and finance mobilization. From L-R: Mozaharul Alam, Regional Climate Coordinator, UN Environment Regional Office for the Asia and Pacific; Daouda Ndiaye, Senior Climate Change Specialist, AF; Masakazu Murakami, Senior Associate, Responsible Care Department, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.; Saleemul Huq, Director, International Centre for Climate Change and Development, Bangladesh; and Toshiaki Nagata, Deputy Director, Global Environment Partnership Office, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan Masakazu Murakami, Senior Associate, Responsible Care Department, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., outlined his company’s new sustainable solutions. Jun Takashina, Deputy Director General for Technology and Environment, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan, highlighted the importance of the private sector’s role in adaptation via demonstrations of good practices and capacity building. Daouda Ndiaye, Senior Climate Change Specialist, AF, underscored the need for more resources to address adaptation issues. Daouda Ndiaye, Senior Climate Change Specialist, AF, with Masakazu Murakami, Senior Associate, Responsible Care Department, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd. Mozaharul Alam, Regional Climate Coordinator, UN Environment Regional Office for the Asia and Pacific, with Daouda Ndiaye, Senior Climate Change Specialist, AF Contacts: Kikuko Shinchi | shinchi-kikuko1@sc.mufg.jp More Information: www.sc.mufg.jp/ Rights and Equity in Climate Policy: Translating Words into ActionPresented by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) Katharina Rall, HRW, stressed that 17 November 2016 was the first-ever climate justice day at a Conference of the Parties (COP). She underscored the inclusion of human rights in the Paris Agreement. Luisa Emilia Reyes Zúñiga, Equidad de Genero, Mexico, said that human rights include women’s rights. She noted a pushback on human rights not only from the Global South, but also from the Global North, particularly in the context of immigration. She stressed that the human rights framework is facing a new paradigm. Joseph Ole Simel, Mainyoito Pastoralist Integrated Development Organization, Kenya, explained that designing mitigation and adaptation actions without consulting Indigenous Peoples is likely to affect their human rights. He used the example of the Turkana Wind project in Kenya, where, he said, “land was lost, lives were lost and the police were misused.” He underscored the urgent need for alliances between civil society organizations and human rights institutions. Monica Camacho, Rainforest Foundation, Norway, underscored the importance of reducing emissions from deforestation. She highlighted that areas where Indigenous Peoples have clear land rights have the lowest deforestation rates, noting that land rights lead to long-term planning and management. She stressed that implementation of indigenous rights at the national and local levels is still an issue. She noted the need for dedicated funding with direct access by Indigenous Peoples organizations. Kate Dooley, University of Melbourne, outlined the work of CIEL’s Human Rights and Climate Change Working Group. She underscored the need for guidance on including human rights in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), adaptation communications, and transparency review. She noted that, for the first time, civil society has not been invited to participate in the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement (APA). Mariama Williams, South Centre, highlighted that NDCs relate to all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and noted how all progress on poverty eradication can be wiped out by a single extreme climate event. She said climate action needs to reinforce implementation of human rights, underscoring that review of NDCs needs to be considered through the lenses of poverty, gender, access to energy, and human rights. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, inter alia: inclusion of human rights in cross-cutting issues; stakeholder participation in the Green Climate Fund (GCF), particularly Indigenous Peoples; inclusion of the right to development in the rights framework; and the lack of finance for civil society participation. From L-R: Luisa Emilia Reyes Zúñiga, Equidad deGenero, Mexico; Joseph Ole Simel, Mainyoito Pastoralist Integrated Development Organization, Kenya; Katharina Rall, Human Rights Watch; Monica Camacho, Rainforest Foundation, Norway; Kate Dooley, University of Melbourne; and Mariama Williams, South Centre Moderator Katharina Rall, Human Rights Watch, said there is a high level of engagement on human rights. Joseph Ole Simel, Mainyoito Pastoralist Integrated Development Organization, Kenya, underscored that, without responsible governance, adaptation and mitigation policies can promote land-grabbing and infringe upon human rights. Monica Camacho, Rainforest Foundation, Norway, underscored the need for flexible mechanisms responsive to the needs of indigenous and community organizations. Luisa Emilia Reyes Zúñiga, Equidad de Genero, Mexico, said that women environmental activists face the highest level of risk. Mariama Williams, South Centre, highlighted the relationship between loss and damage and human rights. Contacts: Katharina Rall | rallk@hrw.org More Information: www.ciel.org www.hrw.org

The following side events were covered by ENBOTS on Monday, 14 November 2016: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a Tool For (I)NDC Implementation – Lessons Learned and Plans Ahead Implementing the Paris Agreement: What Do Countries Need from the Financial Mechanism? Urban Policies to Implement and Finance NDCs Because the Ocean IISD Reporting Services, through its ENBOTS Meeting Coverage, is providing daily web coverage from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Muzurakis and Kiara Worth For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a Tool For (I)NDC Implementation – Lessons Learned and Plans AheadPresented by the Nordic Council of Ministers The session was introduced by Annika Rosing, Nordic Council of Ministers, and moderated by Michael Funch, Nordic Council of Ministers. Asger Garnak, Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, Denmark, stressed that even though NAMAs do not appear in the Paris Agreement, they are important because they helped develop approaches, capacity and experience that will be at the core of Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) implementation. He stressed that NAMAs should be ambitious, transformational and supportive. Hanna-Mari Ahonen, GreenStream, underscored projects in Peru and Viet Nam. She highlighted key elements for NAMA success, including host country ownership, involvement of local stakeholders, use of existing structures and ensuring an enabling policy environment. She underscored high quality NAMA proposals as crucial for attracting international funding, and stressed NAMAs should include different types of actions with different time horizons. Inga Zachow, Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), noted that one in three developing country NDCs refer to NAMAs. She used case studies to illustrate the linkages between NAMAs and NDCs, including cement and renewable energy in Tunisia and transport in Viet Nam. She identified the key lessons as, inter alia: embedding NAMAs into a long-term vision; stakeholder engagement including lead institutions; and promoting local technical capacity. She stressed NAMAs can be a key implementation vehicle for achieving NDCs. Alberto Galante, Managing Director, Climate Perspectives, identified NAMAs as one of the key pillars of NDCs. He emphasized that much experience has been gained with NAMAs on barriers, baselines, Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV), and financing needs. He described his organization’s support to developing country mitigation policies and a multi-criteria tool for the assessment of NAMAs. Stan Kolar, Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP), said the three key elements of NAMA success are: a well-defined financing mechanism; a pipeline of bankable projects; and a clear long-term transformational impact. He stressed climate finance is not about supporting projects that are already economically viable, but about removing barriers, suggesting that a balance is needed between what is transformational versus what it is feasible. Issues considered in the ensuing discussion included: how to address the private sector in the NAMAs process; capacity building; and risks. From L-R: Asger Garnak, Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, Denmark; Alberto Galante, Managing Director, Climate Perspectives; Hanna-Mari Ahonen, GreenStream; Stan Kolar, Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP); and Inga Zachow, GIZ Asger Garnak, Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, Denmark, noted the elaboration of a NAMA for the sugarcane sector in Mexico. Hanna-Mari Ahonen, GreenStream, said projects should ensure long-term financiasl sustainability and include phase-out of international support. Inga Zachow, GIZ, emphasized a transport sector NAMA in Viet Nam, including low-carbon bus technologies, operational improvements and improved public transport. Stan Kolar, CCAP, noted that many NAMAs are not yet developed enough to be financed by development institutions. Michael Funch, Nordic Council of Ministers, moderated the event. Alberto Galante, Managing Director, Climate Perspectives, said all mitigation instruments are tools for NDC implementation, including NAMAs. Contacts: Ms. Outi Leskelä | outi.leskela@ym.fi Mr. Ash Sharma | ash.sharma@nefco.fi More Information: www.norden.org/en Implementing the Paris Agreement: What Do Countries Need from the Financial Mechanism?Presented by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) The event was introduced by Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, GEF, who said the objective was to hear directly from countries about their needs from the Financial Mechanism for implementation of the Paris Agreement. Gustavo Fonseca, Director of Programs, GEF, moderated the event. Xia Zhenhua, Special Representative on Climate Change, China, underscored cooperation between China and the GEF on climate change and environmental protection. He highlighted China’s efforts to help other developing countries get financial assistance from the GEF, including through capacity building. He highlighted discussions among China and the GEF about South-South cooperation, and stressed that adaptation is the overriding priority for this cooperation. Mary Robinson, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for El Niño and Climate, said climate finance needs to move from the billions to the trillions of dollars. She underscored the “triple trap” of climate change, fossil fuel dependence and debt. She said financial flows need to reach local implementers and especially women. Robinson underscored that climate finance should be counted as disbursed funds, not pledged funds, emphasizing that fulfillment of financial commitments is critical to maintaining trust in the UNFCCC process. Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Chair, Least Developed Countries (LDC) Group, said access to finance includes building capacity upstream and downstream of the project approval process. He underscored that, over the years, National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) and now Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are underfunded, noting how 32 LDC NAPAs cleared by the Secretariat are still awaiting funding. He noted that many LDCs are already spending resources on climate action and highlighted that the new climate finance narrative is not in billions, but trillions. Rodolfo Lacy, Mexico, said climate negotiations should also address air pollutants. He urged more interactions between environmental treaties on climate change following recent decisions under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). He said the GEF should finance projects that address environmental issues in a holistic way. In responding to presenters, Ewen McDonald, Co-Chair, Green Climate Fund (GCF), said the GCF has funded proposals for over one billion dollars. He underscored the importance of country ownership and capacity building. He highlighted GCF support to 57 developing countries to develop climate plans. McDonald said it is imperative to achieve complementarity and coherence among the GCF, GEF and other funds. Ishii underscored capacity building, adequacy and predictability of money, integration of climate action into national development strategies and finding a systematic approach for South-South cooperation. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, among others, streamlining finance procedures, channeling climate finance through national institutions and the role of regional organizations in helping countries access climate finance. Mary Robinson, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for El Niño and Climate, urged contributions to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF). Xia Zhenhua, Special Representative on Climate Change, China, said his country is taking the lead in using financial resources provided by the GEF to promote policies, regulations, mechanisms and capacities. Rodolfo Lacy, Mexico, emphasized conservation of ecosystems as an adaptation strategy. Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, GEF, underscored the need for adequacy and predictability of climate finance. Gustavo Fonseca, Director of Programs, GEF, moderated the event. Tosi Mpanu-Mpanu, Chair, LDC Group, underscored that all LDCs have submitted NDCs. Ewen McDonald, Co-Chair, GCF, announced the establishment of an annual dialogue to develop a coherence framework for climate finance delivery channels. Contacts: Monica Fernandes (Coordinator) | mfernandes@thegef.org More Information: www.thegef.org Urban Policies to Implement and Finance NDCsPresented by the Center for Research on Energy and Environmental Economics and Policy (IEFE) and the University Luigi Bocconi of Milan/Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) Edoardo Croci, IEFE, who moderated the event, noted that the role of subnational governments is relevant in the sustainable development arena, which has been recognized in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda (AAAA), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Paris Agreement and the New Urban Agenda. He stressed that this comprises an integrated framework for climate change action and sustainable development, stressing the need for cooperation to access climate finance at the urban level. Isabella Alloisio, FEEM, underscored research on urban climate finance. Noting that cities are responsible for 75% of global energy consumption and 80% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, she stressed the importance for cities to transition to post-carbon urban areas. She said that more than 70% of financing for the global 2030 Agenda will have to be channeled to cities. Joseph Aldy, Harvard University, emphasized the opportunities of leveraging research on behavioral economics to achieve effective urban climate policies. He noted that half the NDCs mention cities and urban environments. He underscored the Paris Agreement sections on non-party stakeholders and on carbon pricing. Aldy cautioned against potential effects of overlapping national and subnational policies, such as higher costs or lack of emissions reductions benefits. He stressed the importance of tailoring behavioral policies to the local context. Natalie Le Denmat, Executive Secretary, United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG), underscored the need for finance for local action on climate resilience. She emphasized the need for an environment conducive to mobilization of local resources. She noted the need to improve financial management by local authorities, and suggested guarantees as a potential instrument for local finance mobilization. Xiaomei Tan, Global Environment Facility (GEF), emphasized cities as a key element in achieving the 2°C target. She highlighted urban projects, including on heating and cooling, energy efficiency and LED lighting. She underscored financial mechanisms such as performance-based payments and rebates. She noted that GEF grants of over US$800 million have leveraged over US$10 billion in co-financing. The ensuing discussion addressed, among other issues, leverage ratios for mobilization of private investment with public resources in cities and other sectors. From L-R: Natalie Le Denmat, Executive Secretary, United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG); Joseph Aldy, Harvard University; Isabella Alloisio, FEEM; Eduardo Croci, IEFE; and Xiaomei Tan, GEF Eduardo Croci, IEFE, highlighted various means of financing sustainable urban development, including green municipal bonds and payment for ecosystem services at the local level. Natalie Le Denmat, Executive Secretary, UCLG, said the 2030 Agenda has made key strides towards recognizing the role of local governments. Joseph Aldy, Harvard University, underscored that climate policies in cities can serve as experiments, with successful cases then replicated elsewhere. Isabella Alloisio, FEEM, underlined the need for finance for local climate change mitigation and adaptation actions. Xiaomei Tan, GEF, highlighted the GEF’s innovative financing models, including  de-risking and incentivizing energy efficient technologies. Contacts: Edoardo Croci (Moderator) | edoardo.croci@unibocconi.it More Information: www.ccacoalition.org/en/events/8th-ccac-high-level-assembly Because the OceanPresented by Pavilion of France Richard Black, Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, moderated the event. He welcomed the commitments of the second “Because the Oceans” Declaration. His Serene Highness (HSH) Prince Albert II of Monaco noted progress made since the first Oceans Declaration in Paris, and invited new countries to sign the second “Because the Oceans” Declaration because the consequences of damages to the oceans will be felt worldwide. Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau, highlighted the need for partnerships to protect oceans, and invited more countries to sign the second “Because the Oceans” Declaration. Hilda Heine, President of the Marshall Islands, underscored the need to synergize actions and find solutions to enable low-lying and island countries to live in their lands. Julie Bishop, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Australia, noted the importance of coral reefs for protecting coastlines and generating income. Peter Thomson, President of the UN General Assembly, invited all countries to participate in the high-level UN Conference on Oceans and Seas to be held in June 2017 to discuss climate impacts on oceans and how to achieve SDG 14 (conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development). Anote Tong, Conservation International, hoped for an instrument similar to REDD+ to protect oceans. Isabella Lövin, Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden, said developing countries need help to implement the Paris Agreement and to coordinate efforts on fisheries management. Edgar Gutierrez, Minister of Environment and Energy, Costa Rica, underscored that marine resources are important for advancing our common goal to preserve ecosystems and livelihoods. Didier Dogley, Minister of Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Seychelles, noted the challenges climate change poses to the environment and people's survival. Paula Bennett, Minister of Climate Change Issues, New Zealand, said that oceans are crucial for our livelihoods, and outlined her country's actions to protect oceans. Catherine Stewart, Ministry of Environment, Canada, underlined the importance of oceans and their management. Pablo Saavedra, Secretary of State for the Environment, Spain, noted the importance of ocean sustainable development and said the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report will increase our knowledge on oceans and climate change. María Amparo Martínez Arroyo, General Director of the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change, Mexico, noted the need to undertake more concrete actions at all levels to link all UN conventions and all goals to save our oceans. Ramatoulaye Dieng, Secretary General, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Senegal, stressed the need to mainstream ocean actions to face climate change challenges. Achmad Poernomo, Senior Advisor to the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia, underscored the importance of international cooperation to reach climate justice. Carlos Rafael Polo Castaneda, Ambassador of Peru to Morocco, noted the importance of oceans for Peru’s livelihoods. Françoise Gaill, National Centre for Scientific Research, France, noted the need to act to preserve oceans, which are part of the climate change solution. Heraldo Munoz, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile, noted progress in inserting oceans in UNFCCC negotiations since 2015. HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco underscored the need to work together with civil society and all relevant actors to continue advancing knowledge on seas and oceans. Richard Black, Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit, with His Serene Highness (HSH) Prince Albert II of Monaco Julie Bishop, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Australia, outlined her country’s initiatives to protect the coral reefs. Anote Tong, Conservation International, said Kiribati does not want to be flooded out of existence. Ramatoulaye Dieng, Secretary General, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Senegal, outlined Senegal’s actions to fight illegal fishing and other initiatives to protect oceans. ​ Hilda Heine, President of the Marshall Islands, noted the importance of signing the “Because the Oceans” Declaration and noted that her country’s citizens have no intention to move from their island. Group photo of the event participants Contacts: Ines de Agueda (Coordinator) | ines@vardagroup.org More Information: cop22.ma/fr/ About | 7 Nov | 8 Nov | 9 Nov | 10 Nov | 11 Nov | 12 Nov | 14 Nov | 15 Nov | 16 Nov | 17 Nov | 18 Nov | Summary The Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the Side (ENBOTS) © <enb@iisd.org> is a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). This issue has been written by Karen Alvarenga, Katherine Browne, Bo-Alex Fredvik, Tallash Kantai, Jennifer Lenhart, Ph.D., Kate Louw, Miquel Muñoz Cabre, Nicole de Paula, and Asterios Tsioumanis, Ph.D. The Digital Editors are Mike Muzurakis and Liz Rubin. The Editor is Elena Kosolapova, Ph.D. <elena@iisd.org>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <kimo@iisd.org>. The opinions expressed in ENBOTS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD and funders. Excerpts from ENBOTS may be used in non-commercial publications only with appropriate academic citation. For permission to use this material in commercial publications, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Services at <kimo@iisd.org>. Electronic versions of issues of ENBOTS from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be found on the IISD Reporting Services website at http://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop22/enbots/. The ENBOTS Team at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be contacted by e-mail at <tallash@iisd.org>. Specific funding for coverage of the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, has been provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Specific funding for coverage of side events at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, has been provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the European Union (EU) IISD Reporting Services is grateful to the many donors of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) and recognizes the following as core contributors to the ENB: the European Union, the Government of Switzerland (the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)), the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Support for the Bulletin during 2016 is provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, SWAN International, the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Japanese Ministry of Environment (through the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Funding for translation of the Bulletin into French has been provided by the Government of France, the Wallonia, Québec, and the International Organization of La Francophonie/Institute for Sustainable Development of La Francophonie (IOF/IFDD). Resources for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for Side Events and Exhibits at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Schedule of Side Events at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Overview Schedule for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Host Country Website IISD ENB/ENB+ Meeting Coverage 44th Session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-44), 17-20 October 2016, United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand Bonn Climate Change Conference - May 2016, 16-26 May 2016, Bonn, Germany High-Level Signature Ceremony for the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 22 April 2016, UN Headquarters, New York IPCC-43, 11-13 April 2016, Headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 13 December 2015, Paris, France Coverage of Side Events at the Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 11 December 2015, Paris, France Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2015, 19-23 October 2015, Bonn, Germany IPCC-42, 5-8 October 2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia Bonn Climate Change Conference - August 2015, 31 August - 4 September 2015, Bonn, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany Coverage of Side Events at the Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany 9th Meeting of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Board, 24-26 March 2015, Songdo, Republic of Korea IPCC-41, 24-27 February 2015, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya Geneva Climate Change Conference - February 2015, 8-13 February 2015, Geneva, Switzerland Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-14 December 2014, Lima, Peru Coverage of Side Events at the Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-12 December 2014, Lima, Peru IPCC-40, 27-31 October 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2014, 20-25 October 2014, Bonn, Germany UN Climate Summit 2014 - “Catalyzing Action”, 23 September 2014, UN Headquarters, New York Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2014, 4-15 June 2014, Bonn, Germany 12th Session of the IPCC Working Group III (WGIII-12) and IPCC-39, 7-12 April 2014, Berlin, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - March 2014, 10-14 March 2014, Bonn, Germany WGII-10 and IPCC-38, 25-29 March 2014, Yokohama, Japan IPCC-37, 14-17 October 2013, Batumi, Georgia IPCC-36, 23-26 September 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Additional IISD Resources CLIMATE-L - A Mailing List for News on Climate Change Policy SDG Knowledge Hub - An online resource center for news and commentary regarding the implementation of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Linkages Update - Bi-weekly International Environment and Sustainable Development News © 2016, IISD Reporting Services. 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IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB+ meeting coverage, has provided digital coverage of selected U.S. Center events every day, during the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. The following side events were covered on Monday, 14 November 2016: Unlocking Private Finance for Climate: From Talk to Action US Support for Adaptation and the NAP Global Network Launch of the NDC Leaders Compact: Countries Leading the Way on Climate Action Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Mizurakis For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page. Unlocking Private Finance for Climate: From Talk to Action Organized by the Global Innovation Lab for Climate Finance and the Climate Policy Initiative The event was moderated by Barbara Buchner, Executive Director, Climate Policy Initiative. Ricardo Nogueira, US Department of State, looked at the gaps in unlocking investments. He explained how the Lab identifies, develops and launches transformative climate finance instruments. John Morton, National Security Council, US, noted extraordinary climate-change related agreements in 2016, such as the Kigali Amendment on hydroflurocarbons of the Montreal Protocol and limiting civil aviation emissions by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). He explained how the Lab gathers pioneering ideas geared to use public funds; and “incubates” them with private sector funds. Paul van de Logt, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands, said the Lab needs to focus on barriers on getting investments for, inter alia, water and renewable energy investment. Karsten Löffler, Managing Director, Allianz Climate Solution, stressed the need to scale-up investments in solutions to climate adaptation. He explained that insurance companies usually analyze risk assessment and risk reduction before committing to financing in climate adaptation projects. Vikram Widge, Climate Finance and Policy, International Finance Corporation (IFC), predicted that at least US$90 trillion will be needed in next 15 years to ensure constant and consistent low-carbon pathways. Ricardo Nogueira, US Department of State, explained how the Lab brings good climate ideas from the private and public sectors that can be scaled up to make significant differences in climate adaptation. He enumerated the components of the “secret sauce” that have led to the success of the Lab, namely: attracting US$600 million and G7 recognition; diversity of membership and ideas brought to the table; on-the-ground knowledge at international and regional labs; and effective networks. Paddy Padmanathan, President and CEO, ACWA Power, stressed the importance of making climate adaptation investments contain adequate interest rates to permit long-term loans. During discussions, participants addressed, inter alia: financial instruments for energy utility companies; blending private sector investment in the Lab with carbon market mechanisms; getting private finance excited in adaptation funding; and technical assistance to developing countries in guidelines for loans. Panel (L-R): Paul van de Logt, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Netherlands; Karsten Löffler, Managing Director, Allianz Climate Solution; Vikram Widge, IFC; Ricardo Nogueira, US Department of State; and Paddy Padmanathan, President and CEO, ACWA Power Ashley Allen, US State Department, introduced the panelists. Noting that private sector investment in energy has reached a tipping point, John Morton, National Security Council, US, praised that investment in renewable energy surpassed fossil fuel investment in 2015. Barbara Buchner, Executive Director, Climate Policy Initiative, moderated the event on unlocking private finance for climate. Paul van de Logt, the Netherlands Ministry for Foreign Affairs, noted that the private sector needs to step in to provide the funding required in climate adaption projects. Ricardo Nogueira (right), US Department of State, explained that the Lab aims to drive millions of dollars of private investment into climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Drawing attention to the Oasis Platform for Catastrophe and Climate Change Risk Assessment, Karsten Löffler, Managing Director, Allianz Climate Solution, explained how this open platform sought to model natural catastrophes in terms of exposure and asset levels. Paddy Padmanathan, President and CEO of ACWA Power, underscored that currency risk is critical in considering projects in developing countries. Noting that financial institutions tend to be risk-adverse, Vikram Widge, IFC, explained the attractiveness of forest bonds. Contact: Barbara Buchner (Coordinator) | Barbara.buchner@cpiclimatefinance.org More Information: http://climatefinancelab.org/ US Support for Adaptation and the NAP Global Network Organized by the US State Department, the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Global Network This event was moderated by Carrie Thompson, USAID, and focused on US support for adaptation on: building capacity; improving access to information for planning and decision-making; and increasing access for financing implementation. Thompson explained how the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Global Network is providing support to developing countries to meet their adaptation commitments. Fatou Thiaw, Director, US Collaboration Management for Sustainable Fisheries Program, Senegal, presented on COMFISH, a project supported by the USAID to increase communities and ecosystems resilience to climate change in Senegal. She focused on the economic importance of fisheries; COMFISH’s roles and strategies, the NAP process and how the process relates to Senegal’s fisheries sector. Clifford Mahlung, Climate Change Division in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation, Jamaica, presented on his country’s drought forecast service. He drew attention to the results of drought service evaluation such as drought’s devastating effect on agricultural outcomes; and information that has helped farmers faced with the uncertainty of rainfall drought. John Furlow, USAID and NAP Steering Committee Member, presented on support on climate change information and moving from planning to implementation in Samoa to support project implementation and access to finance in climate adaptation. He drew attention to the Adaptation Pacific-Wide Program, which seeks to integrate adaptation and disaster reduction strategies in NAP, and which has support from the Least Developed Countries Fund of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF). Hayley Price-Kelly, Director of Operations, NAP Global Network Secretariat and International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), presented on the NAP Global Network Secretariat, whose objective is to harness the collective knowledge and resources of governments, practitioners, donors and civil society. She drew attention to two recently established global peer groups that convene annually and a peer exchange program. She urged participants to get involved by signing online as a network participant and indicating their expertise to the Secretariat. During discussions, participants addressed, inter alia: expanding early warning systems from the agricultural to the fisheries sector; using stakeholder processes in collaboration with meteorological services to identify priorities in fisheries management; distinguishing the drought impacts caused by El Niño from those caused by climate change; potential resistance from stakeholders involved in participative projects; and importance of traditional knowledge in adapting to agricultural practices to climate change. (L-R): Clifford Mahlung, Climate Change Division in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation, Jamaica; Carrie Thompson, USAID; Fatou Thiaw, Director, US Collaboration Management for Sustainable Fisheries Program, Senegal; and John Furlow, USAID Noting that fisheries provide employment to 17% of the working population in Senegal, Fatou Thiaw, Director, US Collaboration Management for Sustainable Fisheries Program, Senegal, explained how the project seeks to promote sustainable behavior change and policy dialogue at the local, managerial, research and political levels. Carrie Thompson, USAID, explained that USAID seeks to support developing countries in their transition from planning to implementation of their climate strategies and their sustainable development goals (SDGs). Clifford Mahlung (left), Climate Change Division in the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Creation, Jamaica, highlighted that most meteorological stations in his country indicate below-normal rainfall conditions for most of the year; but that above-normal rainfall is forecasted for the periods from October through December. John Furlow (right), USAID, presented on a USAID project in Samoa to support project implementation and access to climate change adaptation finance. Participants during the event A view of the room during the event Contact: John Furlow (Coordinator) | jfurlow@usaid.gov More Information: http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/ Launch of the NDC Leaders Compact: Countries Leading the Way on Climate Action Organized by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) The event, moderated by Eric Postel, USAID, showcased leading actions and accomplishments by countries in implementing their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and explored successful approaches and lessons for achieving national climate change targets. Jonathan Pershing, US Special Envoy for Climate Change, said that the NDCs are at the heart of how countries will implement the Paris Agreement going forward and that they will be tailored according to each country’s development and national circumstances. Andrea Guerrero Garcia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia, highlighted a national initiative to analyze mitigation potential from each sector to determine major emissions sources requiring attention and resources. She underscored barriers in NDC implementation including: insufficient information to design specific activities that produce greenhouse gases (GHGs), and inadequate financial tools and mechanisms. Highlighting national legislation, Harun Warui, Ministry of Environment, Kenya, explained how public participation was essential for the adoption of the country’s Climate Change Act and its Climate Change Framework Policy, particularly in validating the opinions of marginalized groups. John Yeboah, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE), explained how the Centre promotes market penetration of energy efficiency in West Africa. He highlighted the importance for coordination agencies in allowing countries to determine their own priorities in implementing their NDCs. During discussions, participants addressed, inter alia: the importance of the adaptation and energy efficiency component in NDC preparation in African countries; the use of NDCs as a tool for donor and multilateral organization to better identify developing country needs; and distribution of responsibilities in implementing NDC in government departments. One participant inquired about differentiating between carbon market, mitigation and NDC activities. Panel (L-R): Eric Postel, USAID Associate Administrator; Andrea Guerrero Garcia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia; Harun Warui, Ministry of Environment, Kenya; and John Yeboah, ECREEE Andrea Guerrero Garcia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia, explained how specialists from each sector in Colombia were trained to transfer their skills to work on climate change problems. Jonathan Pershing, US Special Envoy for Climate Change, highlighted countries that may provide benchmarks in terms of NDC implementation, such as Kenya, Nigeria, Colombia, Peru and Mexico. Harun Warui, Ministry of Environment, Kenya, stressed the importance of the establishment of the climate change fund in driving Kenya’s climate change agenda. John Yeboah, ECREEE, stressed the importance of inter- and intraministerial collaboration between countries in Western Africa in implementing their NDCs. Eric Postel, USAID Associate Administrator Andrea Guerrero Garcia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Colombia, and Jonathan Pershing, US Special Envoy for Climate Change Participants discuss with organizers of the event on the NDC Leaders Compact. Contact: Andrea Welsh (Coordinator) | awelsh@usaid.gov More Information: www.usaid.gov/climate www.ecreee.org

The following side events were covered by ENBOTS on Thursday, 10 November 2016: Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Climate Finance Pathways for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Intergenerational Inquiry: The Role of Young People in Implementing the Paris Agreement Fossil Fuel Supply and Climate Policy: Key Steps to Enhance Ambition Climate-Induced Displacement – Protecting and Promoting Rights of the Climate Migrants What is Essential for Transparency under the Paris Agreement? IISD Reporting Services, through its ENBOTS Meeting Coverage, is providing daily web coverage from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. Photos by IISD/ENB | Mike Muzurakis and Liz Rubin For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page What is Essential for Transparency under the Paris Agreement?Presented by Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and Wageningen University Maria Brockhaus, University of Helsinki, moderated this side event on: the role of sustainable land and forest management in meeting the targets of the Paris Agreement, including how they can be monitored; and the roles and responsibilities of different actors. She stressed that the event highlighted the political dimension of data and information, and the need to strive for transparency under the Paris Agreement. Arild Angelsen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, presented on REDD+ reference levels. He called for a critical reflection on data gathering and interpretation, and cautioned that how reference levels are set can have enormous implications, highlighting the need to adjust for national circumstances or systemic biases. Martin Herold, Wageningen University, discussed how to enhance transparency and independent monitoring in the land use sector. He acknowledged several components to support transparency, inter alia: interactive monitoring system designs to increase participation; and the need for independent monitoring.  Anne Larson, CIFOR, addressed the multilevel challenges within land governance, in particular when establishing monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems. She underscored the need to understand the relationships of different actors and institutions, including those outside the forestry sector, and the importance of dialogue. Explaining that, in 2008, Indonesia adopted a “freedom of information law,” Muhammad Teguh Surya, Madani, cautioned that despite this, forestry data is often not available. He called for improving transparency in the forestry sector not just on paper, but in implementation.  Leticia Guimarães, Ministry of Environment, Brazil, explained that since 2001, Brazil has listed all its forestry data online, including reference levels on deforestation. Samuel Mensah Mawutor, Civic Response, Ghana, highlighted the governance challenges pertaining to continued deforestation, including how elections can erase progress made on preventing deforestation in previous administrations. The ensuing discussion addressed, inter alia: the role of politics; how to address inflated baselines, in particular related to the market mechanisms of the Paris Agreement; data and corruption issues; and the transparency gap. From L-R: Maria Brockhaus, University of Helsinki; Muhammad Teguh Surya, Madani; Arild Angelsen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences; and Anne Larson, CIFOR Arild Angelsen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, called for increased transparency “to put the data on the table,” while cautioning against bias in the interpretation and use of data. Martin Herold, Wageningen University, called transparency “an opportunity to build confidence and legitimacy,” while acknowledging that the process can cause frustration. Anne Larson, CIFOR, called for dialogue between decision makers and scientists, including at the subnational level, so that everyone “can be on board.” Muhammad Teguh Surya, Madani, noted transparency is essential to improve forest protection in Indonesia. Contacts: Levania Santoso (Coordinator) | l.santoso@cgiar.org More Information: seors.unfccc.int www.cifor.org/gcs/ Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Climate Finance Pathways for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)Presented by the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) and the Private Finance Advisory Network (PFAN) Martin Hiller, Director General, REEEP, moderated this event, which addressed the climate financing for SMEs in the context of NDCs, noting SMEs’ role for economic growth and in community upliftment. Ari Huhtala, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), outlined the vital role of SMEs in NDCs implementation, stating that SMEs are well positioned to deliver technologies to the bottom of the social pyramid and increase community resilience. Syamsidar Thamrin, Indonesia, said her government has formulated an energy strategy that aims to, inter alia, increase economic incentives for renewable energy and develop innovative finance mechanisms, citing as an example the Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund. She said the Trust Fund aims to support innovative project implementation by, among others, providing risk insurance for green projects, a project development facility, and capacity building. Peter Storey, Global Coordinator, PFAN, remarked that implementation of NDCs should be mainstreamed, rather than operationalized plan-by-plan. He stated that projects should be “bundled” on a large enough scale to attract finance from institutions such as investment banks. He noted other financing methods include crowding in private sector finance, citing off-grid projects in Zambia, where PFAN have sought private sector guarantees to deliver electricity connections, with initial financing provided by PFAN and the Government of Sweden. Mark Fogarty, First Energy Asia, noted REEEP’s role in providing finance to the SME sector by establishing small, localized funds to bring partners together to achieve innovation and secure financing through leveraging the equity smaller enterprises can provide. Opening the discussion to the audience, Hiller said that while there is a lot of climate financing available, “it is not about having a lot of money, but rather having the right kind of money in the right place, at the right time.” Participants then addressed: how to engage SMEs that are informal in sector; the role of, and engaging with, the microfinance sector; criteria for selecting projects financing; fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia; and the modalities of project bundling. From L-R: Ari Huhtala, CDKN; Syamsidar Thamrin, Indonesia; Martin Hiller, Director General, REEEP; Peter Storey, Global Coordinator, PFAN; and Mark Fogarty, First Energy Asia. Peter Storey, Global Coordinator, PFAN, underscored that for NDCs to have “the impact we need,” NDCs need to move from wish lists to investment plans. Syamsidar Thamrin, Indonesia, said that, for her government, implementation of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and NDCs go hand-in-hand. Mark Fogarty, First Energy Asia, said that REEP’s twice-yearly call for projects seeks opportunities to invest in projects with sustainable food, water and energy outcomes. Contacts: Martin Hiller (Moderator) | martin.hiller@reeep.org More Information: reeep.org/events/cop22-side-event-ndc-driven-sme-climate-finance-pathways-developing-countries Intergenerational Inquiry: The Role of Young People in Implementing the Paris AgreementPresented by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) This side event, moderated by Timothy Damon, YOUNGO, and Miriam Carolina Somocurcio Holguin, YOUNGO, focused on the key role that youth, who represent more than half of the world’s population, play in implementing climate action. Richard Kinley, UNFCCC Deputy Executive Secretary, stressed that the Paris Agreement, combined with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), put the world on a "reasonable" path towards a sustainable future. Noting that the forces of social and economic change are unstoppable but need to be sped up, he pointed to youth as the engine of social mobilization and change. Underscoring that new economic and social models, as well as new lifestyles, are needed, he called for “an economic and social wave that will sweep along governments” that are less willing to cooperate. Noting that youth had been an invisible group for too long, Ahmad Alhendawi, UN Envoy for Youth, stressed that this has changed over the past few years. He underscored that, despite the Paris Agreement, the world is nowhere near where it should be, noting that it is not time for celebrations, but rather efforts need to be intensified to hold government accountable to the commitments they made. Stressing the need to take into consideration youth involvement and initiatives in decision-making processes, Fadoua Brour, twelfth session of the Conference of Youth (COY 12), highlighted major achievements and challenges related to organizing and running COY 12. Dominique Souris, YOUNGO, stressed the need to define meaningful youth involvement and find innovative spaces for youth and elders to work together. Noting that young people are passionate and find ways to exceed the Paris Agreement’s expectations, Donald Bambara, YOUNGO, highlighted the need for guidance and mentorship. Faouzia Bahloul, Global Youth Video Winner, shared her personal experience as an environmental educator and scientist working on renewable energy. Noting that young people inherit the problems but also the solutions, Kaia Rose, Film4Climate Winner, advocated for a carbon price, underscoring that such a step would make all other solutions easier. Hakima El Haité, Minister Delegate in charge of Environment of the Minister of Energy, Mining, Water and Environment, Morocco, said that the global climate action agenda will be launched with the intergenerational inquiry. Noting that “maybe we are too old to rethink the world you are dreaming of,” she called for action, quoting President Obama’s message “yes, we can.” In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, inter alia: legal climate action; YOUNGO’s inclusivity and structure; the potential for a youth-friendly version of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); understanding climate change using health narratives; participation of more youth from the Global South; and ways to communicate the Paris Agreement to young people. From L-R: Adriana Valenzuela, UNFCCC Secretariat; Dominique Souris, YOUNGO; Donald Bambara, YOUNGO; Ahmad Alhendawi, UN Envoy for Youth; Richard Kinley, UNFCCC Deputy Executive Secretary; Faouzia Bahloul, Youth Video Winner; and Kaia Rose, Film4Climate Winner “The youth are talking but are also doing. Are you listening?” asked Dominique Souris, YOUNGO. Donald Bambara, YOUNGO, urged elders to believe in the potential of young people and their innovations. Richard Kinley, UNFCCC Deputy Executive Secretary; underscored that “the stone age did not end because we ran out of stone.” Ahmad Alhendawi, UN Envoy for Youth, stressed: “Our generation is the generation of the SDGs and the Paris Agreement, it is the generation that cannot postpone what needs to be done.” Contacts: Adriana Valenzuela | AValenzuelaJimenez@unfccc.int More Information: unfccc.int/cc_inet/cc_inet/youth_portal/items/6795.php Fossil Fuel Supply and Climate Policy: Key Steps to Enhance AmbitionPresented by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Oil Change International and the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) This event, moderated by Leo Hickman, Carbon Brief, discussed ways for climate policy to address fossil fuel supply and debated the implications of policies such as moratoria on new coalmines or removal of production subsidies. Michael Lazarus, SEI, provided opening remarks, saying that: policies that constrain fossil fuel extraction are important complements to climate policy; and such policies can be integrated into national strategies and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process. Greg Muttitt, Oil Change International, presented Oil Change International’s recent report, ‘The Sky’s the Limit.’ He said the report recommends: commencing a managed decline in fossil fuel supply; rapidly expanding renewable energy; and immediately ceasing fossil fuel permits and concessions. Ivetta Gerasimchuk, Global Subsidies Initiative, IISD, urged for production subsidy removal as part of a comprehensive climate action package, where supporting data can then be used to encourage other measures, such as extension on temporary production moratoria. Peter Erickson, SEI, presented on moratoria on new fossil fuel development using the case of the US, saying that moratoria will bring a net CO2 reduction and help enhance ambition. Katie Thomas, Policy Advisor for Energy and Environment, Office of US Senator Bernie Sanders, spoke on the proposed Keep It in the Ground Act. She said that while the current climate outlook is “dimmer than before,” the Act is a tangible rallying point for the direct action that will be needed and will be seen in the future. Tzeporah Berman, Oil Sands Advisory Working Group, Alberta Government, outlined the Alberta Climate Plan, saying that it was the first oil producing region to legislate a methane limit. She advocated for creating targets and “new expectations” for climate leadership. Berit Kristoffersen, University of Tromsø, Norway, outlined fossil fuel supply issues in Norway, saying that there is currently a lawsuit on whether the Government of Norway’s decision to open up Arctic Oil Fields is in line with the constitution. In the ensuing discussion, participants said that the conversation on managed decline needs to be clear to ensure that it means we are “getting off fossil fuels and not greening fossil fuels.” They also highlighted the need to engage disenfranchised, low-income communities and communities of color to ensure a just transition. Other topics included the importance of state and local activities for future climate action; and the role of carbon taxes. From L-R: Greg Muttitt, Oil Change International; Ivetta Gerasimchuk, IISD; and Peter Erickson, SEI. Ivetta Gerasimchuk, IISD, noted that to gain traction when advocating for supply-side subsidy reform, the World Trade Organization (WTO) definition should be used. Greg Muttitt, Oil Change International, introduced Oil Change International’s recent report ‘The Sky’s the Limit,’ noting the report states that even if no new fossil fuel infrastructure is built, the 2°C limit will be exceeded. Michael Lazarus, SEI, said that parties should consider how to recognize, track and support supply-side strategies for constraining fossil fuel extraction. Contacts: Marion Davis (Coordinator) | marion.davis@sei-international.org More Information: www.sei-international.org/sei-events-at-cop22 Climate-Induced Displacement – Protecting and Promoting Rights of the Climate MigrantsPresented by ActionAid, Asian Peoples Movement for Debt and Development (APMDD), Climate Action Network (CAN) South Asia, the Coastal Association for Social Transformation Trust (COAST Trust), Friends of the Earth International and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) This side event, moderated by Lidy Nacpil, APMDD, and Rezaul Karim Chowdhury, COAST Trust, discussed the issue of climate-induced displacement all over the world, focusing on countries most vulnerable to climate change. Nacpil and Chowdhury underscored the urgency of the situation, noting that in addition to simply discussing the extent of the impacts, the rights of the displaced also need to be considered. Noting that climate migrants are not covered by the existing legal framework, Azed Girmai, Least Developed Countries Watch (LDC Watch), stressed that a protocol under Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (WIM) is required to offer them protection. Sanjay Vashist, CAN South Asia, presented on climate-induced migration and policy responses in South Asia. He described four migration patterns, namely permanent, internal, transboundary and external migration, and underscored that simultaneous disasters test the capabilities of disaster risk reduction (DRR) practitioners. Rita Uwaka, Friends of the Earth Africa, focused on displacement in Africa, highlighting sea-level rise and land grabs as important driving forces of migration. Providing numerous examples, she underscored that unregulated internal displacement can have serious consequences in terms of conflicts, as migrants are marginalized as intruders and face social exclusion and discrimination. Harjeet Singh, ActionAid, discussed initiatives under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), focusing on WIM. Noting that discussion on terminologies needs to be shortened in order to move towards action, he underscored that migrants need to be protected at regional, national and international levels. Regarding the WIM Taskforce, Singh underscored the need to look at displacement in a more dynamic manner, promote mutual learning, and address legal and institutional challenges. Nina Birkeland, NRC, called for an integrated approach, including the Sendai Framework for DRR, the UN Global Compact and the Platform on Disaster Displacement (PDD). Noting that, as long as temperatures continue to rise, future scenarios will be bleak, Kamal Uddin Ahmed, Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Bangladesh, focused on efforts at the national level to strengthen capacities, protect the most vulnerable and provide societal safety nets. Stressing that many factors are at play regarding displaced people, Atle Solberg, PDD, noted that climate change is a risk amplifier. He underscored the need for a toolbox of policy options to address the problem and discussed different options for protection, including freedom of movement and regional protection frameworks.  Marine Franck, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), highlighted the need to mainstream human mobility issues in the UNFCCC agenda and stressed that using the term “climate refugees” sends the wrong signal as these people are not protected by the 1951 Refugee Convention. Underscoring that climate change is currently hurting people and the international community is not doing enough, Benjamin Schachter, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), noted that the legal and policy regimes must be clarified, and that existing categories can no longer protect the rights of all displaced people. In the ensuing discussion, participants addressed, among others: terminology and whether migration and displacement are used interchangeably; effects on host communities; and ways to build political support for displaced people, especially in the Global North. From L-R: Rita Uwaka, Friends of the Earth Africa; Kamal Uddin Ahmed, Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Bangladesh; Lidy Nacpil, APMDD; Sanjay Vashist, CAN South Asia; Harjeet Singh, ActionAid; and Atle Solberg, PDD Rita Uwaka, Friends of the Earth Africa, underscored land grabbing by transnational companies in the name of structural development as one of the causes of displacement in Africa. Sanjay Vashist, CAN South Asia, noted that climate change impacts are invisible but are driving migration. Harjeet Singh, ActionAid, stressed the need to “avoid, minimize and address displacement.” Contacts: Rezaul Karim Chowdhury (moderator) | reza.coast@gmail.com Vanessa Meadu (coordinator) | v.meadu@cgiar.org More Information: www.actionaid.org www.apmdd.org www.cansouthasia.net www.coastbd.net www.foei.org www.nrc.no About | 7 Nov | 8 Nov | 9 Nov | 10 Nov | 11 Nov | 12 Nov | 14 Nov | 15 Nov | 16 Nov | 17 Nov | 18 Nov | Summary The Earth Negotiations Bulletin on the Side (ENBOTS) © <enb@iisd.org> is a special publication of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). This issue has been written by Karen Alvarenga, Katherine Browne, Bo-Alex Fredvik, Tallash Kantai, Jennifer Lenhart, Ph.D., Kate Louw, Miquel Muñoz Cabre, Nicole de Paula, and Asterios Tsioumanis, Ph.D. The Digital Editors are Mike Muzurakis and Liz Rubin. The Editor is Elena Kosolapova, Ph.D. <elena@iisd.org>. The Director of IISD Reporting Services is Langston James “Kimo” Goree VI <kimo@iisd.org>. The opinions expressed in ENBOTS are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IISD and funders. Excerpts from ENBOTS may be used in non-commercial publications only with appropriate academic citation. For permission to use this material in commercial publications, contact the Director of IISD Reporting Services at <kimo@iisd.org>. Electronic versions of issues of ENBOTS from the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be found on the IISD Reporting Services website at http://enb.iisd.org/climate/cop22/enbots/. The ENBOTS Team at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, can be contacted by e-mail at <tallash@iisd.org>. Specific funding for coverage of the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, has been provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Specific funding for coverage of side events at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016, has been provided by the Ministry of the Environment and Protection of Land and Sea of Italy, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management (BMLFUW), the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the European Union (EU) IISD Reporting Services is grateful to the many donors of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) and recognizes the following as core contributors to the ENB: the European Union, the Government of Switzerland (the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)), the Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Support for the Bulletin during 2016 is provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB), the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, SWAN International, the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Japanese Ministry of Environment (through the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Funding for translation of the Bulletin into French has been provided by the Government of France, the Wallonia, Québec, and the International Organization of La Francophonie/Institute for Sustainable Development of La Francophonie (IOF/IFDD). Resources for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Website for Side Events and Exhibits at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Schedule of Side Events at the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Overview Schedule for the Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016 Host Country Website IISD ENB/ENB+ Meeting Coverage 44th Session of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-44), 17-20 October 2016, United Nations Conference Centre (UNCC), Bangkok, Thailand Bonn Climate Change Conference - May 2016, 16-26 May 2016, Bonn, Germany High-Level Signature Ceremony for the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 22 April 2016, UN Headquarters, New York IPCC-43, 11-13 April 2016, Headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 13 December 2015, Paris, France Coverage of Side Events at the Paris Climate Change Conference - November 2015, 29 November - 11 December 2015, Paris, France Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2015, 19-23 October 2015, Bonn, Germany IPCC-42, 5-8 October 2015, Dubrovnik, Croatia Bonn Climate Change Conference - August 2015, 31 August - 4 September 2015, Bonn, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany Coverage of Side Events at the Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2015, 1-11 June 2015, Bonn, Germany 9th Meeting of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Board, 24-26 March 2015, Songdo, Republic of Korea IPCC-41, 24-27 February 2015, UN Environment Programme (UNEP) headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya Geneva Climate Change Conference - February 2015, 8-13 February 2015, Geneva, Switzerland Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-14 December 2014, Lima, Peru Coverage of Side Events at the Lima Climate Change Conference - December 2014, 1-12 December 2014, Lima, Peru IPCC-40, 27-31 October 2014, Copenhagen, Denmark Bonn Climate Change Conference - October 2014, 20-25 October 2014, Bonn, Germany UN Climate Summit 2014 - “Catalyzing Action”, 23 September 2014, UN Headquarters, New York Bonn Climate Change Conference - June 2014, 4-15 June 2014, Bonn, Germany 12th Session of the IPCC Working Group III (WGIII-12) and IPCC-39, 7-12 April 2014, Berlin, Germany Bonn Climate Change Conference - March 2014, 10-14 March 2014, Bonn, Germany WGII-10 and IPCC-38, 25-29 March 2014, Yokohama, Japan IPCC-37, 14-17 October 2013, Batumi, Georgia IPCC-36, 23-26 September 2013, Stockholm, Sweden Additional IISD Resources CLIMATE-L - A Mailing List for News on Climate Change Policy SDG Knowledge Hub - An online resource center for news and commentary regarding the implementation of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Linkages Update - Bi-weekly International Environment and Sustainable Development News © 2016, IISD Reporting Services. 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