Published
by the International
Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)
Vol. 12 No. 164
Monday, 26 March 2001
SUMMARY OF THE INTER-REGIONAL
WORKSHOP OF THE CONSULTATIVE GROUP OF EXPERTS ON INITIAL
NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS FROM PARTIES NOT INCLUDED IN ANNEX I
TO THE UNFCCC:
19-22 MARCH 2001
The Inter-Regional Workshop
of the Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) on Initial National
Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the UN
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) met from 19-22
March 2001, in Panama City, Panama. The CGE was established by
decision 8/CP.5 with the aim of improving national
communications for non-Annex I Parties. The CGE is composed of
24 experts, five from each non-Annex I region (Africa, Asia,
and Latin America and the Caribbean), six Annex I Party
experts, plus three experts from regional organizations.
The workshop was organized
by members of the CGE in collaboration with the UNFCCC
Secretariat and the National Authority of the Environment of
Panama (ANAM) with the main objective to provide advice to the
members of the CGE in performing the tasks set out by
paragraph 5 of decision 8/CP.5. The workshop aimed to pull
together conclusions and recommendations of three regional
workshops held in 2000 in order to provide specific
recommendations on improving the national communications of
non-Annex I Parties to be included in the review of the UNFCCC
guidelines, annexed in decision 10/CP.2. The workshop also
aimed to: discuss the purpose of the work of the CGE; provide
an opportunity to share experiences between regions on the
preparation of national communications; strengthen the network
of the regional groups; and provide an opportunity to discuss
the different elements comprising the national communications.
Four working groups
discussed the outcomes from the regional workshops on: the
preparation of greenhouse gas inventories; vulnerability and
adaptation (V&A) assessments; identification of greenhouse
gas abatement options; and cross cutting issues, including
education, training, public awareness; information and
networking. The working group discussions resulted in draft
recommendations for the review of the UNFCCC guidelines on
preparing non-Annex I national communications. This will be
presented by the CGE for consideration at COP-7, scheduled to
be held from 29 October to 9 November 2001, in Marrakech,
Morocco. The workshop was followed by two days of meetings of
the CGE.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNFCCC AND THE KYOTO
PROTOCOL
Climate change is considered
one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of the
world's environment, human health and well-being, and the
global economy. Mainstream scientists agree that the Earth's
climate is being affected by the build-up of greenhouse gases,
such as carbon dioxide, caused by human activities. Despite
some lingering uncertainties, a majority of scientists believe
that precautionary and prompt action is necessary.
The international response
to climate change took shape with the development of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Adopted in 1992, the UNFCCC sets out a framework for action
aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases at a level that would prevent anthropogenic
(human-induced) actions from leading to "dangerous
interference" with the climate system. The UNFCCC entered
into force on 21 March 1994, 90 days after the receipt of the
50th ratification. To date, it has received 186 instruments of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession from States.
Since it entered into force, six meetings of the Conference of
the Parties (COP) have taken place, as well as numerous
workshops and meetings of the UNFCCC's subsidiary bodies –
the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and the
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
THE KYOTO PROTOCOL:
The Ad Hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate, established by
COP-1, met between 1995 and 1997 to reach agreement on a
further step in efforts to combat climate change. Following
intense negotiations, delegates to COP-3, which was held in
Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997, agreed to a Protocol to the
UNFCCC that commits developed countries and countries making
the transition to a market economy to achieve quantified
targets for decreasing their emissions of greenhouse gases.
These countries, known under the UNFCCC as Annex I Parties,
committed themselves to reducing their overall emissions of
six greenhouse gases by at least 5% below 1990 levels over the
period between 2008 and 2012, with differentiated targets for
most of these countries. The Protocol also provides the basis
for three mechanisms to assist Annex I Parties in meeting
their national targets cost-effectively – an emissions
trading system, joint implementation (JI) of
emissions-reduction projects between Annex I Parties, and a
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to encourage joint projects
between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties.
While delegates in Kyoto
agreed to these emissions reductions targets and methods, it
was left for subsequent meetings to decide on most of the
rules and operational details that will determine how these
cuts are achieved and how countries' efforts are measured and
assessed. Although many countries have signed the Protocol,
the majority is waiting until these operational details are
negotiated before deciding whether or not to ratify. To enter
into force, the Protocol must be ratified by 55 Parties to the
UNFCCC, including Annex I Parties representing at least 55% of
the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990. To date, only 32
Parties have ratified the Protocol.
THE BUENOS AIRES PLAN OF
ACTION: The Fourth Conference of the
Parties (COP-4) met in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in November
1998, to set out a work schedule for reaching agreement on the
operational details of the Protocol and for strengthening
implementation of the UNFCCC itself. This work schedule was
outlined in a document called the Buenos Aires Plan of Action.
The critical deadline under the Plan of Action was COP-6,
where Parties were to attempt to reach agreement on a package
of issues. Critical Protocol-related issues needing resolution
included rules relating to the mechanisms, a regime for
monitoring Parties' compliance with their commitments, and
accounting methods for national emissions and emissions
reductions. Rules on crediting countries for removing carbon
from the atmosphere through planting trees, and possibly other
measures, were also to be addressed. Issues under the UNFCCC
requiring resolution included questions of capacity building,
the transfer and development of technology, and assistance to
those developing countries that are especially vulnerable to
the adverse effects of climate change or to actions taken by
industrialized countries to combat climate change.
PREPARATIONS FOR COP-6:
COP-6 was preceded by numerous formal and informal meetings
and consultations held during 1999 and 2000. The UNFCCC
subsidiary bodies held their tenth sessions in Bonn, Germany,
from 31 May-11 June 1999, and began the formal process of
fulfilling the Buenos Aires Plan of Action. This work was
continued at COP-5 and at the eleventh sessions of the
subsidiary bodies, held in Bonn from 25 October-5 November
1999. During the first few months of 2000, several UNFCCC
technical workshops on key issues under the Plan of Action
were held to assist the process leading to COP-6. Work resumed
at a formal level with the twelfth sessions of the UNFCCC
subsidiary bodies, held from 12-16 June 2000, in Bonn, and
preceded by one week of informal meetings. At this meeting,
participants developed negotiating text on critical issues
such as the mechanisms and compliance.
SB-13 PART I:
Informal consultations and workshops were held during July and
August 2000, followed by the first part of the thirteenth
sessions of the subsidiary bodies (SB-13), held from 11-15
September 2000 in Lyon, France, and again preceded by a week
of informal meetings. During the informal meetings and the
first part of SB-13, delegates discussed text for decisions
covering a range of technical and political issues, with the
aim of preparing text for a comprehensive agreement at COP-6.
Many delegates and observers
at SB-13 Part I expressed concern at the slow progress and
significant amount of work that remained for delegates at The
Hague. Political positions on the key issues remained
entrenched, with little indication of willingness to
compromise or move forward. While negotiating text emerged on
the key elements of the Plan of Action, significant
disagreements remained.
INTERSESSIONAL CONSULTATIONS
AFTER SB-13 PART I: Several informal
meetings and consultations were held following SB-13. These
included consultations on Articles 5 (methodological issues),
7 (communication of information) and 8 (review of
information), land-use, land-use change and forestry,
compliance, mechanisms, adverse effects, and least developed
countries (LDCs), as well as informal high-level consultations
held in early October and chaired by Jan Pronk, the Dutch
Environment Minister and President-designate of COP-6. These
meetings resulted in some further progress. However, with such
a complex array of political and technical issues on the table
and an emphasis on achieving agreement on the entire
"package" of issues under negotiation, many
observers prior to COP-6 suggested that accommodating all
countries' interests and aims could prove difficult.
COP-6: COP-6
met in The Hague, the Netherlands, from 13-25 November 2000.
During the first week, the resumed SB-13 reconvened and
concluded work by adopting a number of draft conclusions
containing text for decisions by COP-6. However, much of the
text transmitted by the subsidiary bodies to the COP lacked
complete agreement by delegates.
During the second week,
COP-6 President Pronk attempted to facilitate progress on the
many disputed political and technical issues by convening
high-level informal Plenary sessions to address the key
political issues, which he grouped into four
"clusters" or "boxes," as follows: (a)
capacity building, technology transfer, adverse effects and
guidance to the Global Environment Facility (GEF); (b)
mechanisms; (c) land-use, land-use change and forestry; and
(d) compliance, policies and measures, and accounting,
reporting and review under Articles 5, 7 and 8.
Ministers and other senior
negotiators convened in four groups to negotiate these
clusters in an attempt to reach consensus. However, toward the
end of the week negotiations appeared stalled and President
Pronk distributed a Note containing his proposals on key
issues in an attempt to force a breakthrough that would lead
to consensus. After almost 36 hours of intense talks on the
President's proposals, negotiators did not achieve a
breakthrough, with supplementarity, compliance and land-use,
land-use change and forestry proving to be particular sticking
points. Delegates agreed to suspend COP-6 and expressed a
willingness to resume their work in 2001.
REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP
On Monday, 19 March, Emilio
Sempris, ANAM, opened the workshop. He welcomed participants
and stressed the importance of this process for non-Annex I
Parties that are preparing their national communications. He
highlighted the opportunity that the workshop provided to
review countries' existing national climate change
programmes and identify problems and analytical and
methodological tools required to prepare the national
communications. He added that the workshop could help experts
share and exchange experiences on the preparation of
greenhouse gas inventories and find new formulas for the
preparation of national communications.
Martha Perdomo (UNFCCC
Secretariat) described the activities of the non-Annex I
implementation sub-programme and the regional workshops held
in Mexico, Thailand and Kenya in 2000. She highlighted the
programme's mandate to provide specific assistance to
non-Annex I Parties on the implementation of the Convention.
Jessica Faieta, UNDP Panama, described the support provided to
Panama to generate their first national communication, which
contains a greenhouse gas inventory, mitigation options and an
initial evaluation of the vulnerability to the adverse impacts
of climate change. She explained that the national
communication would serve as an indication of the
implementation of the UNFCCC. She highlighted continued UNDP
support for developing countries' efforts to undertake
measures for the implementation of the Convention.
Gonzalo Menendez, Deputy
Administrator of ANAM, recalled the goals of the UNFCCC and
the commitments of the international community to adopt
preventive actions and adaptation measures, including the
preparation of national communications. He stressed the need
of developing countries to create national capacities to
achieve their commitments and sustainable development. He
noted that this workshop could be useful to reduce scientific
uncertainties on climate change and to use the results and
lessons from previous regional experiences.
PRESENTATIONS OF COUNTRIES'
EXPERIENCES ON THE MAIN ISSUES
On Monday, 19 March,
participants heard presentation of countries' experiences in
preparing specific sections of their national communications,
followed by discussions.
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES: Clifford
Mahlung (Jamaica) presented Jamaica's experience in
preparing its national greenhouse gas inventory. He outlined
the problems and constraints related to data availability for
the energy and industrial, waste management and land use
change and forestry sectors. For the energy and industrial
sectors, he said Jamaica had good activity data on fuel
consumption, but this data was not reported by sector. He
outlined several strengths and constraints found in the
estimation of the activity data for this sector, including for
the estimation of transport data and biomass data, lime
production, soda ash and asphalt. He indicated that emissions
factors were well defined for petroleum products, but not
others. For the waste management sector, he indicated that the
data were inadequate. He also underscored that there were
insufficient data for the land use change and forestry sector.
He concluded by summarizing several measures to improve the
data, including the creation of an Office of Utilities
Regulation, a revision of the Petroleum Quality Control Act
Regulation of 1999, the digitization of Jamaica's Airport
Authority database, the implementation of a national solid
waste programme, the establishment of a national solid waste
management authority, and the establishment of a forest
land-use data bank.
Abdelkrim Ben Mohamed
(Niger) gave a presentation on the key problems during the
preparation of Niger's greenhouse gas inventory. He
underscored the importance of considering national
circumstances and considered the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) methodology and particular circumstances
to be the main barriers. He identified problems with accessing
data and underscored the problem with data in unsuitable
formats for the estimation of emissions. He said the IPCC
methodology was lacking in specific situations where there was
no provision to account for or estimate certain types of data.
He indicated the importance of suspended particulate matter in
emissions estimates for West Africa, and underscored the need
to account for this in the inventory. He emphasized the
importance of improving national communications and of the
participation of non-Annex I Parties in the IPCC scientific
assessments. He concluded by noting the existence of local
expertise in the field of greenhouse gas emissions.
VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION
ASSESSMENT: Yeshey Penjor (Bhutan)
spoke on V&A assessments. He said it was too early to
focus on science and modern technology for the purpose of
these assessments. He said factors contributing to
vulnerability in Bhutan are related to, inter alia, the
impacts of climate change, such as glacier melting, linked to
forest and biodiversity degradation, flash floods, and an
increase in vector-borne diseases. He underscored the
importance of ensuring the implementation of adaptation
policies and stressed the need for public awareness and
strategic development planning. He said the capacity to
understand and address climate change is very important for
planning for poor countries. He concluded that in the
developing country perspective, institutional strengthening,
capacity building and financial support are important elements
for reducing vulnerability.
GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT
ISSUES: Kadio Ahossane (Côte d'Ivoire)
discussed greenhouse gas abatement issues. He highlighted that
his country's forest had diminished from 13 million acres in
1960 to 2.1 million acres in 2000, and indicated the
importance of this fact for emissions abatement. He outlined
programmes and measures implemented in the industry, energy,
forestry and agriculture sectors aimed at reducing emissions.
He listed a number of identified constraints, including: lack
of appropriate knowledge of climate change issues, including
national experts; lack of relevant institutions and
facilities; lack of appropriate database for studies in this
domain; inappropriate emission factors as far as localities
are concerned; and lack of available documents related to
climate change issues in languages other than English. He
concluded that a number of challenges that influence the
preparation of national communications remain, such as the
need to: understand and address climate change issues; develop
climate change databases; develop country or regional
emissions factors; improve the technical approach; maintain
and expand national capacity; and raise public awareness and
promote the participation of stakeholders.
FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL
SUPPORT: Emilio Sempris (Panama)
described his country's work on inventories, V&A and
mitigation options. On greenhouse gas inventories, he
described work done on areas such as energy, industrial
processes, solvents, agriculture, land use and forests and
waste management. He highlighted several areas where further
work remains to be done including: the lack or unavailability
of data, and the standardization of information gathering; the
need to strengthen the capacities of different sectors to
record their greenhouse gas emissions and to review the
information collected; the lack of IPCC guidelines on solid
waste management emissions; and the financial and technical
issues for the preparation of the assessment. On mitigation
options, he noted that the preliminary study does not
represent the real situation due to insufficient capacities
and data, and suggested strengthening capacity building and
mechanisms for institutional coordination. He concluded by
underlining the need to improve the institutional framework
for the implementation stage, strengthen capacities and
increase database information, involve the political level at
the beginning of the process, and to create a model suitable
to country characteristics.
In the ensuing discussion,
participants discussed methodological issues related to:
gathering activity data and the estimation of greenhouse gas
emissions; V&A assessment; climate baseline preparation;
and institutional frameworks and capacities. The BAHAMAS said
climate scenarios are not the core of V&A assessment. He
suggested that more political will is needed to solve
technical problems associated with the preparation of the
"climate baseline." PANAMA highlighted the lack of
data and access for public participation as key problems in
the preparation process. He suggested incorporating social
scientists into the process. COLOMBIA said the preparation
process is not a priority within governments and noted the
amount of time spent on building local capacity. BOLIVIA
stressed the need for more work on adaptation, particularly
the development of a methodology to formulate strategies that
incorporate economic value.
OVERVIEW OF IPCC WGII TAR
AND REPORTS OF REGIONAL WORKSHOPS
On Monday afternoon, 19
March, participants were given an overview of the IPCC Third
Assessment Report (TAR) and of the regional workshops CGE for
Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. Discussion
addressed the relevance of the IPCC findings to the work of
the CGE.
OVERVIEW OF IPCC TAR REPORT:
Graham Sem (UNFCCC) presented an
overview of the IPCC Working Group II (Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability) TAR, explaining that the report used
observations and model projections on global surface
temperature increase and sea level rise, warming variation by
region, with increases and decreases in precipitation and
changes in variability of climate. He outlined the contents of
the chapters, including: an overview of impacts, adaptation
and vulnerability to climate change; methods and tools;
development and application of scenarios; impacts on systems
such as water resources, ecosystems, coastal zones and marine
ecosystems, human settlements, energy and industry, insurance
and other financial services and human health; and the
regional focus.
Among the emerging findings,
he highlighted, inter alia: the effect of
regional climate changes and temperature increases on many
physical and biological systems; the effects of floods and
droughts, demographic shifts and land-use changes in some
human systems; the irreversible damage of some natural systems
due to their limited adaptive capacity and according to the
magnitude and the rate of climate change; the sensitivity and
vulnerability of some areas to climate change varying with
geographic location, social, economic and environmental
conditions; and projected adverse impacts, such as the
reduction in crop yields, decreased water availability in
water scarce regions, increase in number of people exposed to
vector-borne diseases and water-borne diseases and heat
stress, and increase in energy demand. He also noted that
climate change would bring some beneficial impacts and
highlighted the need to quantify the risks and possibly
irreversible impacts of projected changes in climate extremes.
Sem presented the
conclusions highlighting: the need for V&A assessments;
the adaptation to climate change as a key feature of
development plans; the vulnerability of developing countries,
particularly the least developed countries, to adapt to
climate change and other stresses; and the need to complement
mitigation efforts with adaptation.
In the ensuing discussion,
participants exchanged ideas on several issues of the report.
SENEGAL suggested the improvement of national authorities
involvement in the work of the IPCC. The NETHERLANDS noted
that the TAR does not mention costs of adaptation. THAILAND
recalled that the IPCC provides guidelines for the cost of
impacts. AUSTRALIA suggested analyzing how climate variability
affects human systems in the future. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA noted
the difficulties posed by dividing the process into different
stages, particularly for funding required activities, and
suggested addressing uncertainty and adaptation strategies and
integrating adaptation into development plans. EGYPT suggested
devoting more attention to projections on increased energy
requirements. EL SALVADOR underscored the importance of
V&A assessment for developing countries. TANZANIA
highlighted the methodologies or tools to assess V&A and
suggested analyzing their weaknesses, since these may render
them ineffective.
OVERVIEW OF REPORTS FROM
REGIONAL WORKSHOPS: Philip Weech
(The Bahamas) presented a report on the methodological,
analytical and technical issues related to the greenhouse gas
inventory identified in the CGE regional workshops held in
2000 in Mexico City, Bangkok and Nairobi. On inventories, he
said most Parties had successfully completed them and most
work had been based on the 1996 IPCC Revised Guidelines. He
said activity data for some sectors was unreliable and the
bottom-up approach was problematic due to problems with data
sources. He indicated that emissions factors needed to be
developed for several sectors. On financial and technical
support, he stressed the importance of: access to information;
public awareness programmes; translation and dissemination of
good practice guidance; and regional networks for information
and expertise sharing. On V&A assessment, he stressed: the
inadequacy of UNFCCC guidance and the need for this to be
clearly mentioned in the revised guidelines; a general
agreement on the most vulnerable sectors; the lack of cross-sectoral
assessments; the need for capacity building and financial and
technical support; and the importance of research and
systematic observation and networking and information
dissemination and sharing. He underscored the need for
integrating V&A assessment with national planning and the
utility of being able to interpret in a national context. On
abatement options, he explained that this was an on-going
process. He outlined the methodology applied and the sectors
included, and stressed the need for capacity building and
financial and technical support for abatement options. In
conclusion, he outlined some remaining barriers, such as
inadequate funds for meeting the reporting requirements and
the need for enhanced education and training for the
preparation of national communications. He stated that,
although priorities were different in the different regions,
the problems were essentially the same.
PRESENTATIONS OF EXISTING
ACTIVITIES TO SUPPORT NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS
On Tuesday, 20 March, the
UNFCCC Secretariat and the UNDP National Communications
Support Programme (NCSP) gave presentations of the current
activities being undertaken by programmes in support of the
preparation of national communications. Participants engaged
in a discussion after the presentations.
Rodrigo Chaparro, UNFCCC
Secretariat, presented a review of existing activities and
programmes to support the preparation of national
communications. The Secretariat compiled the review in
response to a request by the CGE. He said the Secretariat had
attempted to identify such on-going programmes and activities
through a review of documents compiled for reporting on
on-going capacity-building activities, as well as through the
Internet and responses to a questionnaire that examined
various aspects of identified programmes. In conclusion, he
highlighted remaining questions related to these programmes
including: how useful the activities and programmes had been
in supporting the preparation of national communications; what
lessons had been learned; and how the coordination of the
programmes could be improved.
Yamil Bonduki, NCSP, gave an
overview of the current status and future activities of the
NCSP in 2001-2003. He outlined the main activities that were
covered by the NCSP, including thematic and regional
workshops, a help desk facility for technical assistance and
information, and the implementation of GEF enabling
activities. He said the objectives for the next phase of the
NCSP included programmes addressing technology transfer,
systematic observation, inventories, abatement and adaptation.
For each area, one output would be the training of experts.
For technology transfer, he suggested the additional expected
outputs were a workbook containing a practical framework for
assessing and reporting technological needs. For systematic
observation aimed at the identification of long-term solutions
for improving networks and ensuring linkages with V&A, he
indicated that the output would be workshop materials for
reports. For inventories, with the objective to build capacity
for data archiving, updating and management, he said the
outputs would be two regional proposals and generic material
for improving inventories. The abatement programme would be
aimed at improving the analysis by developing a common
framework and developing or identifying tools for baselines,
costing and screening, and the outputs would be such a
framework and tools. For adaptation, the objective would be to
prepare a framework for developing adaptation strategies and
to develop and identify tools for this framework. He indicated
that the next steps would therefore include securing funding
for the next phase of the NCSP, identifying potential regional
partners and coordinating with countries on follow-up
activities.
In the ensuing discussion,
participants addressed the issue of who would be responsible
for coordinating all of the programmes aimed at supporting the
preparation of national communications. The NETHERLANDS said
there would be a second phase of his country's climate
change support assistance programme and sought advice on how
to select the countries on which to focus. The Secretariat
clarified that it was the mandate of the CGE to recommend how
these programmes could be coordinated in the most effective
way. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA underscored the potential to have a
joint work programme between the different programmes to pool
efforts and funding.
PRESENTATIONS OF THE MAIN
METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS,
SOLUTIONS AND BEST PRACTICES
On Tuesday, 20 March, CGE
members presented an overview of the results from the regional
workshops on the four themes of greenhouse gas inventories,
V&A assessment, greenhouse gas abatement issues, and
education, public awareness and research and systematic
observation.
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES: Ayite-Lo
Ajavon (Togo), Chair of the CGE, discussed national greenhouse
gas inventories. He described both the national communications
submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat and the results of
regional discussions on their process of preparation. He noted
that reporting countries fulfilled their duties to report
greenhouse gas inventories following the UNFCCC guidelines. On
the methods used, he said all Parties followed the 1995 and
1996 IPCC Guidelines to compile their national greenhouse gas
inventories data and some Parties used the Revised 1996 IPCC
guidelines. Regarding gases reported, he noted that Parties
provided information on the most significant greenhouse gas
emission source and sink categories, including carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions from fuel combustion and industrial
processes, CO2 removals from LULUCF, methane
emissions from agriculture and waste and nitrous oxide from
fuel combustion. He highlighted the lower degree of reporting
from some least developed countries, noting that their overall
greenhouse gas emissions are relatively low. He said some
Parties reported qualitative information on additional gases,
as encouraged by the UNFCCC guidelines, including fully
fluorinated compounds and estimated emissions from
international aviation and marine bunkers.
On tools, he noted that
Parties reported more information than the minimum requested
and used more comprehensive tabular formats. He highlighted
the transparency of the inventories containing worksheets with
outlines of detailed calculations for estimated greenhouse gas
emissions and numerical information on aggregate emission
factors. He noted that all Parties identified problems in
preparing their national inventories, including: the lack of
activity data and emission factors; different emission
estimates for the same sector or source categories; and some
inconsistencies between the UNFCCC guidelines and the Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines regarding disaggregated reporting of the
greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks. On
institutional arrangements, he noted that Parties reported
that these consisted of the establishment and operation of
inter-institutional committees or agencies, or teams of
national experts from different sectors, usually coordinated
by a leading national institution. He highlighted the
reporting of technical and financial support from the GEF as a
key element in the preparation of inventories.
During the ensuing
discussion, participants exchanged views on issues including
specific regional conditions, such as local emissions factors
that influence the preparation of national communications.
IMPACTS, VULNERABILITY AND
ADAPTATION ASSESSMENTS: Isabelle
Niang-Diop (Senegal) described the achievements in the initial
national communications under the theme of V&A assessment.
She explained that all Parties presented V&A assessments,
and that Parties addressed sectors such as agriculture, water
resources, coastal zones and fisheries, terrestrial ecosystems
and human health.
On the methodologies, she
indicated that most Parties used different models to analyze
diverse climate change scenarios, without including the
analysis of socioeconomic scenarios. She noted that only half
of the initial national communications included integrated
assessments and the vulnerability of non-Annex I Parties to
climate change. She highlighted the main constraints to the
realization of V&A, including: the non-availability of
technical material in all UN languages; the difficulty of
distinguishing between climate change and natural variability;
the lack of regional scenarios; the underestimation of extreme
events; the general lack of material and software, and the
adaptation of these tools to national conditions; and the lack
of methodologies to assess socioeconomic data. She said other
constraints reflected weaknesses of human resources, lack of
appropriate institutions and infrastructure to collect and
maintain data, limited funds, lack of regional cooperation,
lack of peer review of the documents, and political
instability.
On the needs expressed, she
noted need to have a continuous process and regional and
subregional studies. She said more work remains to be done on
integrated assessments, socioeconomic assessments and the
identification and costing of adaptation options. She
highlighted specific needs on methodological issues,
including: development or adaptation to the national context;
improved access; research development in the field of
adaptation; improved V&A; a better representation of
national experts in the IPCC; vulnerability indicators; and
participation in training and exchange workshops.
Other needs reported
included: enhancing human resources and institutional
capacities; using a decentralized approach, as appropriate;
training on GEF procedures; involving university and research
centers; raising policy makers' awareness on climate change
issues; involving stakeholders in this process; and developing
national research centers. She concluded that better
guidelines are needed to give an adequate framework for
reporting and assessment, to allow for a comparison of
vulnerability assessments, and to integrate climate change
into national planning.
In the ensuing discussion,
participants raised issues such as GEF involvement in this
process. The UNFCCC Secretariat explained that the GEF should
follow the CGE recommendations. ECUADOR suggested taking into
account regional aspects of adaptation while fulfilling the
CGE's mandate to improve the process of preparation of
national communications. PANAMA underscored the role of
universities in providing continuity to the preparation
process and suggested adopting guidelines to foster linkages
with the institutional infrastructure of Parties.
GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT
ISSUES: Vute Wangwacharakul
(Thailand) presented an overview of the reported greenhouse
gas abatement options. He noted that all Parties had reported
some information about abatement, but that the
comprehensiveness of this information and the methodologies
applied varied. He outlined some gaps in the reporting
relating to methodological and data issues, including:
problems with generation of scenarios; estimation of future
emissions; evaluation of abatement options and measures;
availability of data and accessibility to models; and the
limited exchange of information and experiences. He
highlighted that good efforts had been made despite the fact
that there was no requirement to report this information, and
said capacity, resources, databases and information were
lacking. He indicated that possible improvements in
methodological issues include the use of socioeconomic
scenarios, economic tools for cost-benefit analysis, and
information networking and exchange on a regional basis. In
conclusion, he stressed the need for human resource and
institutional development, financial assistance and access to
technologies.
EDUCATION, PUBLIC AWARENESS
AND RESEARCH AND SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION:
Julia Martinez (Mexico) discussed the reported information on
education, public awareness and research and systematic
observation. She reported that the 49 national communications
included in the analysis all faced the same constraints on the
whole. On public awareness, she highlighted the challenge of
raising awareness on climate change in non-Annex I Parties.
She outlined recommendations for how to achieve awareness,
such as strengthening and, where appropriate, building
national capacities to develop public awareness materials. On
education and training, she underscored the need to maintain
the experts once trained for the purpose of the preparation of
the next national communication and the translation of
materials into all UN languages. She recommended that training
programmes should be country driven and coordinated at all
levels, and that South-South cooperation be enhanced. On
research and systematic observation, she noted the consensus
among Parties that Annex I Parties should be available for
information exchange and technical cooperation, in order to
advise on the collection of the needed data, including how to
manage and analyze it. She noted that national communications
could enhance the process of establishing observation
programmes and that the guidelines should mention research and
systematic observation. In conclusion, she outlined four
aspects to be addressed: the status of monitoring and
networks; national involvement in international and regional
programmes; listing of national institutes and experts active
in the field of climate change; and the additional needs for
systematic observation.
In the discussion,
participants highlighted areas of concern. PANAMA noted that
national communications must strengthen education through the
dissemination of the information contained in them, and
similarly that education at all levels of society will
contribute to supporting and strengthening the information.
GERMANY cautioned against placing a strong emphasis on the
models considered in the abatement presentation, since the
quality of the results depends on the quality of the input
data. She stressed that the advantage of simpler approaches to
obtaining the results is that they can be understood more
easily. ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA noted that the goal for non-Annex
I Parties is sustainable development, and that Annex I Parties
are under different obligations regarding abatement. THAILAND
underscored the consideration of national circumstances.
AUSTRALIA said the Convention does not define research and
systematic observation and pointed to the need for this in
relation to V&A assessment studies.
CROSS CUTTING ISSUES:
Networking and Information: Philip
Weech (The Bahamas) presented on cross-cutting issues raised
in the regional workshops. He explained that national
communications do not exist in isolation and reflect a
conscious decision by Parties. He noted that many concerns
resulted from the regional workshops, including issues such as
coordination and networking, institutional strengthening and
enabling activities support programmes. He highlighted
barriers for institutional strengthening, including the lack
of national capacity and continuity of project management
teams; weak national frameworks; and lack of capacity to
implement climate change projects. Among the main findings, he
said that Parties had reported: interest in regional,
subregional and national networking; limited human and
financial resources; and underdeveloped systems for data
collection, processing and maintaining systems.
He concluded that the CGE
could recommend that: the GEF and other donor organizations be
encouraged to direct resources to enhance Internet access in
developing countries; the UNFCCC Secretariat, the IPCC and
other organizations make climate-related information and
services available through modern communication technologies;
and donor organizations and in-country institutions provide
increased training in the use of the Internet and other
cutting-edge information technologies, as appropriate to the
circumstances of individual countries.
National Circumstances and
Planning: George Manful (UNFCCC
Secretariat) presented on national circumstances in the
process of preparation of national communications. He
highlighted that basic information, development priorities,
objectives and circumstances, and sustainable development and
planning were the main issues reported. On basic information,
he noted that Parties reported issues such as size and
population and the level of development. He explained that
Parties also reported information on, inter alia
geographical characteristics, temperature zones, biodiversity
and rainfall, and their economic background, including gross
domestic product (GDP) and energy intensity of production.
On development priorities,
objectives and circumstances, he said Parties reported on
issues such as: food security, including share of agriculture
and GDP, agricultural practices, artisanal and commercial
fishing, and livestock; energy demand and supply; the size of
forests areas; the contribution of mining sector and tourism
to GDP; transport; water resources, embracing surface and
underground water, hydro-power generation and agriculture; and
other sectors such as coral reef preservation, pearl
cultivation, financial and banking sector, waste management
and sanitation.
On sustainable development
and planning, he noted that Parties reported on the:
integration of climate concerns into national planning;
development of national sustainable plans; establishment of
specific institutional arrangements; promotion of active
stakeholder participation; and enhancement of appropriate
legislation. He concluded that sustainable development and
national planning should go hand-in-hand, and governments
should develop appropriate framework to address these
concerns.
In the ensuing discussion,
participants exchanged ideas on national circumstances. NIGER
suggested including the establishment of synergies among
environmental conventions as a cross cutting issue. PANAMA
noted how traditional indicators were changed by climate
change and suggested creating new indicators including
socioeconomic and ecological factors. BOLIVIA suggested that
the working groups emphasize the link between the needs
identified at regional workshops and the information that
would be requested in the IPCC TAR, including new guidelines
and issues such as health risks, human security and food
security. NCSP suggested linking information provided by
Parties across other sections of the national communications
to balance the reports. AUSTRALIA suggested recommending the
development of better guidelines. VENEZUELA said that
information on national circumstances should be used to
analyze different scenarios of different sectors and be
discussed at national workshops.
WORKING GROUPS ON NON-ANNEX
I NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Four working groups met from
Tuesday afternoon to Thursday morning to discuss greenhouse
gas inventories; V&A assessment; greenhouse gas abatement
issues; and cross-cutting issues. The working groups were
chaired by the CGE members who had made presentations on each
of these issues, and a rapporteur was assigned to each group.
The four groups used different approaches for their work, but
all focused on discussions based on the presentations heard on
Monday and Tuesday morning. Coverage was limited to the
working groups on V&A assessment and cross-cutting issues.
GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY
WORKING GROUP: This working group
was chaired by Ayite-Lo Ajavon, Chair of the CGE. The working
group aimed to provide recommendations to the CGE on which
experiences during the preparation of the greenhouse gas
inventory should be highlighted for inclusion in the UNFCCC
guidelines for the preparation of non-Annex I national
communications. The working group considered: analytical,
methodological and technical issues in the preparation and
reporting of greenhouse gas inventories, including best
practices and lessons learned; data collection and the
development of local and regional emission factors and
activity data, particularly in the energy and land-use change
and forestry sectors; relevant activities including the
development of local and regional emissions factors and
activity data related to inventories; difficulties encountered
in the use of the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines; and
difficulties encountered in the use of the section of the
guidelines contained in the annex to decision 10/CP.2, which
relate to inventories.
On institutional and funding
issues that influence the preparation and reporting of GHG
inventories, including data collection and development of
emissions factors, Parties recommended to, inter alia:
-
provide appropriate
funding in the context of the second national
communications to ensure the continuity and sustainability
of the inventories;
-
develop and strengthen
institutional capacity of coordinating agencies of
research activities, encouraging the use of regional
expertise and the training of those experts;
-
facilitate collaboration
and coordination among national institutions;
-
create regional networks
to share inventory information among experts and
institutions;
-
develop processes to
facilitate information exchange;
-
provide financial and
technical support for the creation, development and
maintenance of national web sites within the framework of
multilateral and bilateral assistance;
-
develop an appropriate
institutional framework for the collection, updating and
management of data;
-
provide adequate funding
for enabling activities for the collection of activity
data and the development of local emissions factors; and
-
support the development
of regional projects.
On technical issues for
improvement of data collection and development of local and
regional emission factors and activity data, Parties
recommended encouraging the use of activity data from regional
organizations if available and/or appropriate and supporting
the creation and development of a database on emissions
factors by the IPCC.
On difficulties encountered
in the use of the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines, Parties
approved recommendations to: urge the IPCC in the future
guideline revision to better reflect specific conditions and
circumstances of non-Annex I parties, in particular in the
land-use change and forestry, energy and agriculture and waste
sectors; call upon the IPCC in the future guideline revision
to take better account of the relevant literature in languages
other than English and appropriate literature; translate the
IPCC good practice guidelines into the six UN languages; and
provide appropriate training for experts.
On difficulties encountered
in the use of the section of the guidelines contained in the
annex to decision 10/CP.2, which relates to the UNFCCC
guidelines and their possible improvements, Parties approved
recommendations to, inter alia:
-
request the application
of the Revised 1996 IPCC guidelines in the elaboration and
reporting of the national greenhouse gas inventories;
-
encourage the use, as
appropriate and to the extent possible, of the IPCC good
practice guidelines in greenhouse gas inventories;
-
replace Table II of the
UNFCCC guidelines with the IPCC summary Table 7A as the
basis for summary reporting of greenhouse gas emissions
and removals;
-
encourage the provision
of worksheets of the IPCC reporting format as an appendix
to the greenhouse gas inventories; and
-
encourage the reporting
of HFC emissions to the extent possible.
ADAPTATION AND VULNERABILITY
ASSESSMENT WORKING GROUP: The
V&A assessment working group was chaired by Isabelle
Niang-Diop. The working group considered: analytical,
methodological and technical issues in the preparation and
reporting of V&A assessments, including best practices and
lessons learned; difficulties in the use of the IPCC
methodologies and other models; and difficulties encountered
in the use of the UNFCCC guidelines. The group was guided by
the issues highlighted in the presentation on V&A
assessment made by Chair Niang-Diop. Methodological issues
included:
-
the development and/or
adaptation of current methodologies appropriate for the
national context;
-
improvement of access
and availability of models;
-
continued data
collection and monitoring programmes;
-
a regional approach for
transboundary issues;
-
improvement of the first
V&A studies;
-
research development in
the field of adaptation;
-
the question of
vulnerability indicators;
-
participation in
training and exchange workshops; and
-
better representation of
national experts in IPCC.
Other issues included:
-
enhancement of human
resources with more focused training tools;
-
enhancement of
institutional capacities, including database management;
-
use of a decentralized
approach, as appropriate;
-
training on GEF
procedures;
-
involvement of
universities and research centers;
-
raising policy makers'
awareness on climate change issues;
-
developing public
awareness;
-
involving stakeholders
in the process;
-
addressing financial and
technical support needs; and
-
development of regional
centers of excellence on climate change.
V&A assessments are not
currently required to be part of the national communications.
Chair Niang-Diop suggested
for consideration the methodological constraints that had been
raised in the regional workshops. These included: availability
of technical materials in all six UN languages; problems with
distinguishing between climate change and climate variability;
lack of availability of regional climate change scenarios;
underestimation of extreme events; lack of models for
assessing some sectors; and lack of appropriate software,
tools, data and methodologies for integrated and socioeconomic
assessment.
On models, JAMAICA and
BARBADOS stressed the need for higher resolution general
circulation models while AUSTRALIA, with CUBA, cautioned
against this, stressing that higher resolution models still
only use the same data that the current models use. AUSTRALIA
noted that until the input data exists, higher resolution
models will not provide better results than the current
models. CUBA stressed that other problems exist with the
current models that will not be eliminated by a smaller scale.
With MALAYSIA, he endorsed the use of a regional approach for
identifying scenarios from the models. PANAMA said lack of
capacity to run the models is also a consideration. MALAWI
supported aiming for better input data for the models. On the
question of whether to make V&A assessment a mandatory
part of the national communications, BARBADOS noted the high
costs of such studies. EL SALVADOR, with the NETHERLANDS,
noted the importance of V&A studies for indicating to
Annex I Parties the degree of financial and technical
assistance that might be needed. BOLIVIA, ETHIOPIA, GHANA and
GRENADA supported carrying out V&A assessments.
EL SALVADOR suggested also
considering the assessment of existing adaptive capacity to
current climate, particularly to climate variability and
extreme events, within current policy. CUBA suggested that the
recommendations should recognize the importance of adaptation
to climate variability. On the continuous process for data
collection, participants highlighted the need to strengthen
and facilitate the creation of climate research centers on a
national and regional level, establish South-South
cooperation, strengthen, improve and develop cooperative
research programmes, and establish agreements between climate
change focal points, national universities and researchers. On
a regional approach, participants agreed that this could be
useful, as long as they are country-driven. On integrated
assessments, the discussion addressed the lack of methodology,
funds and compatible data for such studies. Participants then
discussed the need for improved mechanisms for collecting
data. On vulnerability indicators, ECUADOR, supported by
several other Parties, expressed his concern about using the
indicators to compare between Parties. PANAMA suggested that
vulnerability indicators could be useful for prioritizing
funding and effort within a country. Participants agreed that
the use of vulnerability indicators should not be recommended
for inclusion in the guidelines. Parties expressed concern
about the low representation of non-Annex I Parties in the
IPCC process.
On Thursday, 22 March, the
draft recommendations were presented to the working group
participants. The recommendations were, inter alia:
-
inclusion of a separate
chapter devoted to V&A within non-Annex I national
communications;
-
development of a common
reporting format for reporting on V&A;
-
development of capacity
to access, analyze and manipulate data for the purposes of
V&A assessment needs;
-
establishing and/or
strengthening institutional structures, such as national
climate change focal points and centers of excellence;
-
provision of training on
model use;
-
provision of funding to
assistance programmes, such as the NCSP;
-
translation of documents
into languages other than English; and
-
additional guidance to
the GEF relating to the three stages of adaptation defined
for the purposes of funding adaptation projects.
GREENHOUSE GAS ABATEMENT
WORKING GROUP: This working group
was chaired by Vute Wangwacharakul. The working group aimed to
identify analytical, methodological and technical issues in
the preparation and reporting of abatement options, including:
best practices and lessons learned; relevant issues related to
mitigation actions in the context of sustainable development;
and analytical and methodological issues related to the
analysis of abatement options, as well as the difficulties
encountered in the use of the UNFCCC guidelines.
Participants discussed the
issues identified in the regional reports relating to
abatement options. They highlighted that:
-
reporting on abatement
in non-Annex I national communications was voluntary;
-
there had only been a
limited exchange of information and experience regarding
the assessment of abatement options;
-
the energy sector was
the most widely reported sector;
-
reporting of methodology
was limited;
-
assessment of mitigation
options is an on-going process;
-
detailed abatement
options had been reported for the energy, agriculture,
transport and waste sectors;
-
limitations were
apparently associated with the implementation of measures
to mitigate emissions; and
-
public awareness,
legislation and incentives had been suggested to encourage
the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Problems identified were:
lack of sufficient data; lack of skilled personnel; lack of
access to models; difficulties with assessment of options; and
limited access to appropriate technologies. It was also noted
that the UNFCCC guidelines do not provide guidance for the
assessment of abatement options in any of the following areas:
emission reduction estimation; construction of scenarios;
incorporation of options into national planning processes; or
the development of integrated strategies.
This working group's
recommendations, which were submitted to the Plenary on
Thursday, 22 March, endorsed the inclusion of abatement
guidance for Parties who may wish to include abatement in
their national communications; stressed the provision of
financial and technical support for data acquisition and
management; and encouraged capacity building and technology
assessment. Under methodologies, the working group endorsed
the assessment of options, construction of scenarios, data
management, interaction between abatement and mitigation, use
of appropriate tools, and evaluation of social, economic and
environmental options. For reporting, the group noted: the
guidelines should be able to accommodate different timescales;
the need for clear definitions and/or terminology; and that
the assumptions used in making projections should be reported.
On financial and technical support, the group recommended: the
establishment of a clearing-house; the continuation of the
NCSP; mechanisms to improve coordination among donors;
assistance with preparation of project proposals; access to
appropriate technologies; and further guidance to the
financial mechanism to encourage funding of the outlined
activities.
CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES WORKING
GROUP: The working group on
cross-cutting issues was chaired Julia Martinez (Mexico). She
explained that the group would discuss cross-cutting issues,
including: education, training and public awareness;
information and networking; and financial and technical
assistance for the preparation of national communications.
This group submitted to the Plenary recommendations on issues
including: education, training and public awareness, and
specific recommendations that require financial and technical
assistance; support programmes; and guidelines on national
circumstances and education.
On education, training and
public awareness, the working group:
-
recommended that the
UNFCCC Secretariat develop, maintain and periodically
update a clearing-house mechanism;
-
encouraged Parties to
support this effort by actively providing materials in
non-UN languages;
-
further encouraged
Parties to support by assisting in the translation of
important materials into the official languages of the UN,
including important technical documents; and
-
suggested that technical
material make maximum use of graphics to facilitate
understanding by non-technical individuals.
The group also made specific
recommendations for education, training and public awareness
that require financial and technical assistance, including:
-
the establishment and/or
enhancement of national and regional centers of excellence
for information exchange;
-
the development of
training materials for curricula purposes in formal and
non-formal education;
-
the development of
common methodologies and approaches for training
programmes;
-
the development of
programmes to train the media, including preparing updated
materials on awareness raising for different purposes,
with special emphasis on national and regional
implications; and
-
the development and
maintenance by the UNFCCC Secretariat of a clearing-house
mechanism on education, training and public awareness
materials.
On support programmes, the
working group recommended: the provision of financial and
technical support for the 90 non-Annex I Parties not yet
having submitted their initial national communications; the
continuation of activities provided by the national
communications support programmes; and further analysis of
support programmes.
On guidelines on national
circumstances, the group recommended that Parties provide a
description of their national and regional development
priorities, objectives and circumstances, and how these
circumstances constitute the basis on which they address
climate change and its adverse impacts. Parties suggested that
the description of these circumstances could use headings such
as government structure, population profile, geographic
profile, climate profile, economic profile, energy,
transportation, industry, mining, tourism, waste, agriculture
and fisheries, forests, health, environment, and education and
research institutions.
On guidelines for education,
the working group recommended that the national communication
may present information on aspects including:
-
existing programmes for
promoting education, training and public awareness on
climate change;
-
plans for developing
such programmes, including climate change issues in the
curricula of different levels of the educational system;
-
the focus and magnitude
of training programmes;
-
the focus and scope of
public awareness programmes;
-
the existence and
expertise of resource or information centers;
-
the nature and extent of
public participation in climate change related processes;
and
-
the needs for financial
and technical support.
CLOSING PLENARY
On Thursday afternoon, 22
March, participants met in the closing Plenary. CGE Chair
Ajavon opened the meeting and requested each working group to
present the recommendations it had identified during the
course of the workshop. The recommendations will be forwarded
to the CGE for its consideration and review. The
recommendations will then be returned to the Parties for
comments, and finally will be presented to the SBI for
submission to the COP for its consideration.
Each of the working groups
then presented its recommendations: Chair Ajavon, on behalf of
the group on greenhouse gas inventories; the rapporteur,
Mahendra Kumar, for the working group on V&A assessment;
Lauraine Lotter, rapporteur for the working group on
greenhouse gas abatement issues; and Philip Weech, rapporteur
for the group on cross-cutting issues.
On cross-cutting issues,
SENEGAL suggested including educational centers in the
clearing-house mechanism. Parties agreed with GERMANY that the
workshop should take into account the input of the working
group on support programmes and technical and financial needs
and recommend further consideration and elaboration of these
needs by the CGE members, who should also take into account
input from other working groups, other regional workshops and
the deliberations during the Plenary. SENEGAL suggested
avoiding adding tasks to the CGE and deleting text that is not
agreed. She stressed the need to know why many countries did
not submit their initial national communications before
recommending the need for financial support. EL SALVADOR
suggested specifying in the recommendation the types of
actions that should be taken by support programmes. Chair
Ajavon responded that the corresponding subsidiary bodies of
the UNFCCC would decide on the actions.
Parties then discussed
several issues on national circumstances. EGYPT suggested
reporting the information on national circumstances in a way
that enables the coordination of technical assistance.
ETHIOPIA suggested adding reference to land use and land cover
among national circumstances. GERMANY said the description of
national circumstances should be linked across other sections
of the report, in particular to inventories.
Parties asked whether the
comments made by the participants were to be considered by the
CGE in its preparation of the final document. Participants
also debated whether the recommendations could be adopted at
the workshop without careful consideration and deliberation of
each one, and discussed the role of the CGE in making further
adjustments to the recommendations. The Secretariat explained
that the recommendations would be forwarded to the CGE, which
would consider the comments made during the final Plenary, and
return the revised recommendations to participants for
comments before the document is forwarded to the SBI.
With the understanding that
the process had not yet been completed, the recommendations
were then adopted by the Plenary. Chair Ajavon read out the
final statement of the workshop, which, on behalf of the
experts: recognized the important contribution to the work of
the CGE; thanked the Governments of Panama, Mexico, Kenya and
Thailand for hosting the workshops; thanked the governments of
the US, Germany, Australia, Switzerland and Finland for
providing funds for the organization of the workshop and
meetings of the CGE; appreciated the assistance and guidance
provided by the members of the CGE and the UNFCCC Secretariat;
and urged the CGE members to take the recommendations of the
workshop into consideration in fulfilling the tasks of the CGE,
in accordance with its mandates contained in decision 8/CP.5.
Chair Ajavon thanked the
participants and wished them safe journeys home. Martha
Perdomo (UNFCCC Secretariat) thanked the participants, support
staff, interpreters, and the government of Panama for their
support. Emilio Sempris, on behalf of the Administrator of
ANAM, underscored the importance of the meeting and expressed
his gratitude to the participants. He closed the meeting at
8:00 pm.
THINGS TO LOOK FOR BEFORE THE
RESUMED COP-6
APEC 21ST CENTURY RENEWABLE
ENERGY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE PRIVATE SECTOR FORUM: This
meeting will take place on 26-27 March 2001, in Portland,
Oregon, USA. For more information, contact: the Organizing
Committee and APEC Sustainable Development Network, Portland,
Oregon, tel: +1-503-279-9565; fax: +1-503-279-9381; Internet: http://www.apecnetwork.org/
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON
CARBON ACCOUNTING, EMISSIONS TRADING AND COP-6 NEGOTIATIONS
RELATED TO BIOENERGY, WOOD PRODUCTS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION:
This workshop will convene in Canberra, Australia, from 26-30
March 2001. For more information, contact: Kimberly Robertson;
tel: +43-316-876-1330; fax: +43-316-876-91130; e-mail: kimberly.robertson@joanneum.ac.at;
Internet: http://www.joanneum.ac.at/iea-bioenergy-task25/announcement.doc
SIXTH INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON SOLAR ENERGY AND APPLIED PHOTOCHEMISTRY :
This meeting will be held from 3-8 April 2001, in Cairo,
Egypt. For more information contact: Sabry Abdel-Mottaleb,
Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt;
e-mail: solar@photoenergy.org;
Internet: http://www.photoenergy.org/solar2001.html
IPCC MEETINGS ON THE THIRD
ASSESSMENT REPORT (TAR): The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approved the
reports of Working Group I (on climate change science) in
January 2001, Working Group II (impacts and adaptation) in
February 2001 and Working Group III (climate change
mitigation) in March 2001. The IPCC Plenary will meet in
Nairobi from 4–6 April 2001, to approve all three reports.
For more information, contact: IPCC Secretariat,
+41-22-730-8208; fax : +41-22-730-8025; e-mail : ipcc_sec@gateway.wmo.ch;
Internet: http://www.ipcc.ch
12TH GLOBAL WARMING
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE & EXPO - KYOTO COMPLIANCE REVIEW:
This meeting will be held in
Cambridge, UK, from 8-11 April 2001. For more information,
contact: Sinyan Shen, The Global Warming International Center
Headquarters, USA; tel: +1-630-910-1551; Internet: http://www2.msstate.edu/~krreddy/glowar/gw12c.html
CONFERENCE ON EQUITY AND
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE: This
international conference will take place from 17-18 April
2001, in Washington, DC. It is being organized by the Pew
Center on Global Climate Change. The meeting will consider
"fair and reasonable" actions for all countries in
addressing climate change, as well as how issues of
competitiveness, economic growth and ethics relate to this
debate. For more information, contact: Christie Jorge
Santelises; tel: +1-703-516-4146; fax: +1-703- 841-1422;
e-mail: jorgec@pewclimate.org;
Internet: http://pewclimate.org/events
REGIONAL SEMINAR ON
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE VARIABILITY IN THE INSULAR
CARIBBEAN: This workshop will take
place from 7-9 May 2001, in Havana, Cuba. It is hosted by the
Government of Cuba and UNDP. For more information, contact:
Jafet Enríquez, tel: +537 24-1512 /15; fax: +537-24-1516;
e-mail: jafet.enriquez@undp.org;
Internet: http://www.onu.org.cu
SECOND INTERNATIONAL
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYMPOSIUM: This
meeting will take place from 9-10 May 2001, in Amsterdam. For
more information, contact: Quirine Boellaard, tel:
+31-20-549-1212; e-mail: q.heerkens@rai.nl;
Internet: http://www.2ndCHPsymposium.com
KYOTO MECHANISMS: EMERGING
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES: This forum,
which will convene from 10-11 May 2001, in Hong Kong, examines
the business opportunities and risks as countries work towards
a final agreement under the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties.
Several companies will outline emissions trading market
structures and provide insights on global corporate
initiatives in promoting emissions trading. Government
officials from India and China will discuss investment
opportunities available under the Kyoto mechanisms. Case
studies on Malaysian and Indonesian CDM projects will examine
legal, auditing and finance issues. For more information,
contact: Centre for Management Technology, Christina Lu
Jialing; tel: +65-346-9132; e-mail: christina@cmtsp.com.sg;
Internet: http://www.cmtevents.com/kyoto.htm
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
CLIMATE CHANGE AND VARIABILITY IN NORTHERN EUROPE:
This meeting will be held in Turku, Finland, from 6-8 June
2001. For more information, contact: Mia Rönkä, University
of Turku, Finland; tel: +358-2-333-6009; fax: +358-2-333-5730;
Internet: http://figare.utu.fi/notice.html
RESUMED COP-6/14TH SESSIONS
OF THE UNFCCC SUBSIDIARY BODIES: The
resumed COP-6 (as outlined under COP-6 decision FCCC/CP/2000/L.3)
of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change will be held
from 16-27 July 2001, in Bonn. For more information, contact:
the UNFCCC Secretariat; tel: +49-228-815-1000; fax:
+49-228-815-1999; e-mail: secretariat@unfccc.int;
Internet: http://www.unfccc.int
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