Summary report, 23–31 July 2025

Wetlands are the unsung heroes of the planet, providing water filtration, flood control, carbon storage, food and water security, and homes for countless species. But, according to the Global Wetland Outlook 2025, wetlands are vanishing three times faster than forests; since 1970, more than 411 million hectares of natural wetlands have been lost globally; and a quarter of all wetland plant and animal species are facing extinction.

It was against this sobering backdrop that delegates gathered for the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP15) to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. The Convention provides the global framework for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. COP15 sought to match the ambition needed to reverse the alarming trends of wetland loss and degradation through increased synergies with other multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), institutional strengthening, enhanced implementation tools, partnerships and networks, and adequate financial support. Many agreed that COP15’s adoption of the fifth Strategic Plan 2025–2034 (SP5) and an increased budget are essential to these efforts.

At the meeting’s opening, Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa and other high-level officials called for strengthening the role of wetlands in national climate and biodiversity policies, signaling political commitment from the host country and region. A high-level ministerial segment lent further credibility and political momentum to the meeting, and concluded with the adoption of the Victoria Falls Declaration.

Under the leadership of COP15 Alternate President Tadeous Chifamba (Zimbabwe), COP15 adopted 25 resolutions and three consolidated resolutions. Negotiations outside the plenary hall allowed parties to reach the finish line for resolutions on SP5, the budget, the recruitment process for a new Secretary General, Ramsar Information Sheets, culture and wetlands, and others. Negotiations on SP5 revealed divisions between those pushing for measurable targets aligned with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), and others wary of overstepping the Convention’s mandate. Some observers questioned whether SP5 truly reflects the transformative ambition needed, but most applauded the hard-fought 4.1% nominal increase in the Convention’s budget. Extensive discussion on resource mobilization across several resolutions pointed to a fundamental need to strengthen financial mechanisms or develop new ones.

Alongside these accomplishments, the meeting also highlighted challenges. Discussions on updating the Ramsar Information Sheets exposed tensions around data submissions for Wetlands of International Importance, particularly about use of geospatial data in areas subject to territorial disputes. The proposal by Ukraine to extend Resolution XIV.20, on assessing the impacts of the Russian Federation’s aggression on Ukraine’s wetlands, generated familiar fault lines—whether it is purely technical in nature, justifying Secretariat action, or constitutes political involvement beyond the Convention’s mandate. The Russian Federation withdrew from the Convention before the draft resolution was considered, saying it could no longer participate in a politicized instrument.

The US made a brief appearance on the penultimate day, delivering a list of “red-line” objections to references to climate change; diversity, equity, and inclusion; gender identity; the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); and requests for financing in excess of a 0% nominal growth budget. However, he said the US would not block consensus.

Discussion on common but differentiated responsibilities also generated heated discussions, indicating that this may be an increasing political issue for the Convention. 

COP15 convened from 24–31 July 2025, in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. A total of 1,284 delegates, observers, and other participants attended the meeting.

A Brief History of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands) was signed in Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971, and entered into force on 21 December 1975. The Convention provides a framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

Originally emphasizing conservation and wise use of habitat for waterbirds, the Convention subsequently broadened its scope, recognizing the importance of wetlands as ecosystems that contribute to both biodiversity conservation and human well-being. Wetlands cover an estimated 6% of the Earth’s land surface, and contribute significantly to the global economy in terms of water supply, fisheries, agriculture, forestry, and tourism. The Convention currently has 172 parties. A total of 2,544 wetland sites, covering more than 250 million hectares, are included in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites). The Ramsar List includes the Montreux Record, which is a register of wetland sites where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution, or other human interference.

Parties commit themselves to:

• designate at least one site that meets the Ramsar criteria for inclusion in the Ramsar List and ensure maintenance of each site’s ecological character;
• include wetland conservation within national land-use planning to promote the wise use of all wetlands within their territory;
• establish nature reserves on wetlands and promote training in research and management; and
• consult with other parties about Convention implementation, especially regarding transboundary wetlands, shared water systems, shared species, and development projects affecting wetlands.

Contracting parties meet every three years. In addition to the COP, the Convention’s work is supported by a Standing Committee (SC), a Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP), the Ramsar Bureau, and the Secretariat.

The Secretariat follows International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) procedures and policies on staffing and recruitment. The Secretariat is based at IUCN headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.

Key Turning Points

The Conference of the Contracting Parties has met 14 times since 1980. Extraordinary COPs (ExCOPs) were held in 1982 and 1987. The 1982 Ramsar ExCOP established the Paris Protocol for amending the Convention and adopted official versions of the Convention in six languages. The 1987 Ramsar ExCOP adopted the Regina Amendments, which defined the powers of the COP, and established the SC, Secretariat, and a budget.

COP6 (March 1996) adopted the first Ramsar Strategic Plan for 1997–2002.

COP7 (May 1999) articulated the “three pillars” of action: wise use of wetlands; designation and management of Ramsar Sites; and international cooperation. COP7 also confirmed BirdLife International, IUCN, Wetlands International, and the World Wide Fund for Nature as International Organization Partners (IOPs) of the Convention.

COP8 (November 2002) focused on the role of wetlands in water provision, as well as their cultural and livelihoods aspects. Delegates approved the Convention’s Work Plan for 2003–2005 and Strategic Plan for 2003–2008.

COP9 (November 2005) adopted the Convention’s Work Plan for the 2006–2008 triennium, and reviewed its Strategic Plan 2003–2008. An informal Ministerial Dialogue adopted the Kampala Declaration, which emphasized the role of the Convention in arresting the continued loss and degradation of wetland ecosystems.

COP10 (November 2008) adopted the Convention’s Strategic Plan 2009–2015. Delegates also adopted resolutions on wetlands and climate change, and on wetlands and biofuels.

COP12 (June 2015) convened under the theme “Wetlands for our Future.” COP12 adopted 16 resolutions by consensus, including: the Strategic Plan 2016–2024; a new framework for the delivery of scientific and technical advice, and guidance on the Convention; peatlands; disaster risk reduction; and a wetland city accreditation under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

Recent Meetings

COP13 (October 2018) met under the theme “Wetlands for a Sustainable Urban Future.” COP13 adopted 25 resolutions by consensus, including ones on: a language strategy with a step-by-step plan to add Arabic as the fourth Convention language; gender; peatlands: blue carbon ecosystems; sustainable urbanization; agriculture; intertidal wetlands; wetlands in West Asia; and Arctic and sub-Arctic wetlands.

COP14 (November 2022) convened in a hybrid fashion, with a virtual opening ceremony in China and in-person sessions in Switzerland, under the theme “Wetlands Action for People and Nature.” Delegates adopted 21 resolutions by consensus, including on the role of wetlands in climate mitigation and adaptation, implementation of the Convention’s Strategic Plan, guidance on communication, capacity building, and outreach, and strengthening the Convention’s scientific and technical bodies. A resolution on the status of wetlands in Ukraine impacted by the Russian Federation’s aggression was adopted by a majority vote of the parties.

COP15 Report

On Thursday, 24 July, COP15 opened with a Zimbabwean choir and drums creating music and energy throughout the venue. The ceremonial handover of the Ramsar flag indicated the transfer of the COP Presidency for the next triennium from China to Zimbabwe.

Speaking on behalf of UN Secretary-General António Guterres and UN Environment Programme (UNEP) Executive Director Inger Andersen, Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, UNEP Deputy Executive Director, underscored the role of wetlands in achieving the SDGs on health, food, and water, and called for integrated, long-term solutions supported through national biodiversity strategies.

Zimbabwe President Emmerson Mnangagwa emphasized wetlands’ contribution to ecological health and livelihoods, and called for their integration into national plans and financing mechanisms. Ramsar Convention Secretary General Musonda Mumba highlighted that wetlands remain undervalued and underfunded, and urged countries to use COP15 to foster collaboration, draw on Indigenous and local knowledge, and empower youth to make wetlands central to sustainability.

Participants also heard statements from:

• Yan Zheng, Deputy Director, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, China, on behalf of the COP14 Presidency;
• Astrid Schomaker, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD);
• Ivonne Higuero, Secretary General, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES);
• Audrey Azoulay, Director-General, UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO);
• Grethel Aguilar, Director-General, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN);
• Coenraad Krijger, Chief Executive Officer, Wetlands International;
• Éliane Ubalijoro, Chief Executive Officer, Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF);
• Amy Fraenkel, Executive Secretary, Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS);
• Richard Moyo, Minister of State for Provincial Affairs and Devolution, Zimbabwe;
• Evelyn Ndlovu, Minister of Environment, Climate and Wildlife, Zimbabwe;
• Russell Mmiso Dlamini, Prime Minister, Eswatini; and
• Michael Bizwick Usi, Vice-President, Malawi.

Common themes emphasized: wetlands as essential to achieving the SDGs; cross-sector collaboration; sustainable financing; and inclusive action for wetlands. 

High-level Ministerial Segment

On Thursday, 24 July, the High-level Ministerial Segment included panel discussions on strengthening policy and legal frameworks by mainstreaming wetlands conservation; improving integrated planning and management by promoting collaborative approaches; and identifying and mobilizing resources to fund sustainable wetland interventions, programmes and activities. The ministers present adopted the Victoria Falls Declaration, which included commitments to: the three focal areas addressed by the High-level Ministerial Segment; empowering communities through awareness and capacity building; and restoring degraded wetlands using nature-based solutions.

Organizational Matters

On Friday, 25 July, parties elected Evelyn Ndlovu, Minister of Environment, Water and Climate, Zimbabwe, as COP15 President, and Tadeous Chifamba, Permanent Secretary for Environment, Climate and Wildlife, Zimbabwe, as Alternate President. They also elected Ahmad Reza Lahijanzadeh (Iran) and Jorge Elías Jaén Bonilla (Panama) as Vice Presidents.

Parties adopted the agenda (COP15 Doc.3.1.Rev.1) and provisional working programme (COP15 Doc.3.2 Rev.1). They approved the Rules of Procedure (COP15 Doc.4) and the admission of observers that met the requirements under the rules of procedure (COP15 Doc.6 Rev.1). Parties appointed Zambia, Vanuatu, the Philippines, Mexico, Jamaica, and Czechia to the Credentials Committee, and established a Committee on Finance and Budget.

Reports

On Friday, 25 July, the plenary heard reports from the SC Chair, Secretary General, Chair of the Scientific and Technical Review Panel, Chair of the Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness (CEPA) Oversight Panel, and the Secretariat.

Report of the SC Chair: SC Chair Xia Jun introduced the report (COP15 Doc.7), which notes, among other things, that the Standing Committee has been entrusted by the COP with the supervision of matters ongoing during the triennium. These include financial and budgetary matters, the Convention Strategic Plan for 2016–2024, increasing the visibility of the Convention, the Ramsar Regional Initiatives (RRIs) and the preparation for COP15, as well as consideration of any other relevant matters raised by members and observers.

Report of the Secretary General on global implementation of the Convention: Secretary General Mumba presented the report (COP15 Doc.8.1), noting a decline in reporting rates; an increasing number of Ramsar Sites; universal usage of wetland impact assessments; underutilization of risk tools; limited use of national inventories; and unsustainable financing undermining the progress on RRIs.

 Report of the Secretary General on the work of the Secretariat: Secretary General Mumba introduced the report (COP15 Doc.8.2). She highlighted: support for contracting parties; increasing visibility and awareness of wetlands in global processes; collaboration to achieve the SDGs and other global targets; and mobilizing resources to support implementation of the Convention.

List of Wetlands of International Importance: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.9 Rev.1). At the end of the reporting period, she reported, there were 2,535 Wetlands of International Importance (“Ramsar Sites”) together covering 257,924,380 hectares (ha). During the reporting period, 97 new Sites, covering a total of 3,011,161 ha, were added to the List.

Report on Implementation of the Communication, Education, Participation and Awareness (CEPA) Programme: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.10). The presentation by CEPA Oversight Panel Chair Jean Hervé Mve Beh (Gabon) noted that during the 2022–2025 reporting period, activities were undertaken against the nine goals of the CEPA Programme, with achievements in increasing visibility and awareness of wetlands, support and capacity building for site managers, engaging new stakeholders, leveraging World Wetlands Day and other campaigns, and increasing the availability of a variety of promotional and educational materials.

Report of the STRP Chair: STRP Chair Hugh Robertson (New Zealand) presented the STRP report (COP15 Doc.11), highlighting the Global Wetlands Outlook 2025 and the pathways it outlines for wetlands’ conservation and wise use.

Report on RRIs: The Secretariat presented the document (COP15 Doc.12), highlighting the upward trend of the budget for RRIs, which include regional centres for training and capacity building and regional networks to facilitate cooperation. They are intended to provide effective support for improved implementation of the Convention in specific geographic regions, through voluntary international cooperation on wetland-related issues of common concern.

Report on enhancing decision-making procedures and maintaining effective operation of the Convention during exceptional circumstances: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.13), which reviews how other MEAs and international organizations operated during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides recommendations to enable the effective operation of the Convention.

Report on Assessment of Progress on Wetland Restoration: The Secretariat presented the report (COP15 Doc.14), which provides a synthesis of the findings of the assessment and recommendations, including an overview of degraded wetlands, restoration commitments and activities, and an indicative assessment of progress towards Target 12 of the 4th Strategic Plan 2016–2024 and Target 2 of the GBF.

Report on opportunities to strengthen the Convention’s contribution to the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and SDGs: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.15), highlighting the need to: improve wetland inventory and reporting; promote wetlands in national and sub-national sustainable development and sectoral plans, and promote CEPA activities.

Report on implementation of Resolution XIV.20: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.16), which outlines the coordination and consultation activities conducted by the Secretariat from COP14 until 31 March 2025 to conduct assessments of the Wetlands of International Importance in Ukraine affected by the war.

Report on administrative and financial implications of draft resolutions: The Secretariat introduced the report (COP15 Doc.17), which is required under the Rules of Procedure, on the projected administrative and financial implications of all substantive agenda items submitted to the meeting.

Financial Report for 2023–2025 of the SC Finance Subgroup Chair, and proposed budget for the 2026–2028 triennium: Simon Banks (Australia), Chair, Finance Committee, presented the report (COP15 Doc.18), which provided four different budget scenarios for the next triennium.

Wetland City Accreditation: The Independent Advisory Committee (IAC) Chair, Libuse Vlasáková (Czechia), presented the report (COP15 Doc.20.2), noting the IAC evaluated 32 applications for new and 18 for renewed accreditation, with 31 cities newly accredited, and all 18 recommended for renewal.

Special Events

Wetland City Accreditation: On Thursday, 24 July, Secretary General Mumba presented the accreditation certificates to representatives of 31 cities from 16 countries that have supported the wise use of urban wetlands. Newly-accredited Wetland Cities include: Trelew, Argentina; Mechelen, Belgium; Kasane-Kazungula, Botswana; Shakawe, Botswana; Valdivia, Chile; Chongming, China; Dali, China; Fuzhou, China; Hangzhou, China; Jiujiang, China; Lhasa, China; Suzhou, China; Wenzhou, China; Yueyang, China; Abbeville, France; Arles, France; Hampigny, France; Indore, India; Udaipur, India; Babol, Iran; Bandar Kiashar, Iran; Gandoman, Iran; Nagoya City, Japan; Mehdya, Morocco; Balanga City, the Philippines; Poznan, Poland; Gimhae, Republic of Korea; Mungyeong, Republic of Korea; Novi Sad; Serbia; Canton de Genève, Switzerland; and Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.

Ramsar Awards: On Monday, 28 July, Nathalie Alquier, Danone, Xia Jun, COP14 SC Chair, and Secretary General Mumba presented the Ramsar Awards, in three categories:

Innovation: Laura Gonzalez (Panama), Executive Director, Marea Verde, for pioneering river-based waste capture solutions that prevent waste and plastic from reaching Panama Bay and engaging local communities through environmental education;

Young Wetland Champions: Iman Ebrahimi (Iran), Founder, AvayeBoom Bird Conservation Society, for fostering community engagement and environmental stewardship in three Wetlands of International Importance, and elevating the ruddy shelduck as a flagship species for boosting ecotourism; and

Indigenous Peoples Conservation and Wise Use: Dayana Blanco Quiroga (Bolivia), Founder, Team Uru Uru, for restoring Lake Uru Uru by integrating Indigenous knowledge and nature-based solutions, empowering women and youth, and enhancing climate resilience.

Consolidated Resolutions

On Sunday, 27 July, the Secretariat explained that Resolution XIV.5 established a process to consolidate previously-adopted resolutions dealing with similar topics into streamlined texts without altering their substance. The consolidation aims to clarify meaning, eliminate inconsistencies, and modernize language, while avoiding the introduction of new content. On Monday, 28 July, COP15 Alternate President Chifamba presented three draft consolidated resolutions on: wetland values and services (COP15 Doc.22.1); water, water-related and water-management-related matters (COP15 Doc.22.2); and inventories (COP15 Doc.22.3). The COP adopted the consolidated resolutions without amendment.

Resolutions

During the COP, parties considered 26 draft resolutions. Most of the resolutions were submitted by the Standing Committee, with notable exceptions including resolutions on the Ramsar List and the extension of Resolution XIV.20. Contact groups were established for draft resolutions on: budget and finance; SP5; recruitment of a new Secretary General; and Ramsar Information Sheets. COP15 Alternate President Chifamba established Friends of the Chair groups for another six draft resolutions, including on Ramsar Regional Initiatives and the Ramsar List.

Financial and budgetary matters: On Saturday, 26 July, the Secretariat introduced the draft resolution containing four annexes on: budget scenarios with proposed nominal increase of 0% (default), 4.1%, 9.6%, or 11.3% (Annex 1); core budget contributions for contracting parties (Annex 2); Secretariat core staff 2026–2028 (Annex 3); and non-core fundraising priorities (Annex 4). During discussions, parties discussed alternate funding sources, possible measures for countries in arrears, and accessible information to ensure transparency and accountability. The Finance Committee had several meetings during the week and presented the revised document on Wednesday, 30 July, which was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.1 Rev.1), the COP adopted a 4.1% budget increase for the next triennium, of which 1.8% will be met by an effective increase of the core budget, 2.1% by the partial use of core budget surplus, and 0.2% by other sources of income, allowing the recruitment of one additional Secretariat staff member.

Responsibilities, roles and composition of the Standing Committee and regional categorization of countries under the Convention on Wetlands: On Saturday, 26 July, Deputy Secretary General Jay Aldous introduced the draft resolution. Suggested amendments focused on: the Ramsar Award categories to be awarded at COP16; the recruitment process for the new Secretary General; and the SC composition. On Wednesday, 30 July, the Secretariat presented the revised document. Some parties proposed adjusting the numerical thresholds regarding regional representation of the SC composition. The Secretariat stated that the issue will be addressed by the Management Working Group. The resolution was adopted as amended.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.2 Rev.2), the COP, inter alia:

• confirms the election of the SC representatives and alternates for 2025–2028;
• decides to make the Ramsar Awards entirely a matter for the SC, as long it follows Res XIV.09 in all other aspects; and
• decides the SC’s Ramsar Award responsibilities include a decision on the subset of Ramsar Award categories to be awarded each triennium, based on the categories defined in the resolution, and the available budget for the awards.

Strategic Plan 2025–2034: CANADA introduced the draft resolution on Saturday, 26 July, which was discussed in a contact group chaired by Zambia throughout the week to resolve extensive bracketed text. On Monday, 28 July, with no revised text submitted, COP15 Alternate President Chifamba invited the IOPs to comment in plenary. BirdLife International, on behalf of IOPs, noted little progress had been made since the SC meeting in January, underscored the need for clear goals and targets for the next 10 years, and urged parties to reach agreement.

In plenary on Thursday, 31 July, delegates engaged in extensive discussions, with debate focusing on bracketed text referencing transformative change, common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), and the specific needs of developing countries. Following informal consultations during a Friends of the Chair meeting, parties adopted a revised resolution.

The document contains two annexes: Annex 1 contains the Strategic Plan 2025–2034 and Annex 2 details the goals, targets, and indicators.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.3 Rev.3), the COP, inter alia:

• affirms that implementation should be guided by the Rio Declaration principles and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;
• recognizes the need for enhanced support to developing countries;
• urges all parties and invites the STRP, CEPA Oversight Panel, IOPs, RRIs, and the Secretariat to pursue the goals and targets of SP5;
• invites partners and stakeholders, including other MEAs, civil society organizations, research institutions, private companies, and Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs), inter alia, to contribute to implementation;
• requests the STRP to develop an indicator framework for consideration at SC67 to be used on an interim basis and submitted to COP16;
• requests the Secretariat and the SC to develop the National Report template reflecting the goals and targets of SP5 for consideration at SC67;
• encourages parties to promote, recognize, and strengthen active participation of IPLCs for conservation and integrated wetland management; and
• requests the Secretariat and Sub-Group on Finance to explore mobilization of financial resources to support implementation, and encourages parties to allocate financial resources for implementation.

Enhancing the Convention’s visibility and synergies with other MEAs and other international institutions: On Saturday, 26 July, the Secretariat presented the draft resolution, noting new provisions regarding the GBF. Parties generally supported the draft resolution. Delegates proposed synergies with other MEAs, including the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD); Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Water Convention); and Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions. Other synergies discussed include those with: the SDGs; the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility (GEF); and at the local level, taking into consideration IPLCs and local communities, and gender-inclusiveness.

On Monday, 28 July, the Secretariat presented the revised version with changes to the preambular and operative text. Parties’ views diverged on: the relationship between the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement; the phrase “subject to available resources” in reference to SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation); and support for the coordination of focal points with institutions and agencies that address the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and SDGs.

Discussions continued on Thursday, 31 July. The Secretariat noted that as most delegations did not have strong objections to the remaining bracketed text, the brackets would be lifted, and the version with language identical to the 2030 Agenda would be retained. The document was adopted as amended.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.4 Rev.2), the COP, inter alia:

• encourages strengthening cooperation and synergies among relevant Conventions and MEAs in GBF implementation; 
• recognizes the importance of wetland protection, restoration, and wise use to achieve the goals and targets of the GBF and the Convention on Wetlands’ contribution to its implementation and monitoring, including but not limited to GBF Targets 2 (Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems) and 3 (Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas); and
• instructs the Secretariat to continue collaboration with the Secretariats of relevant MEAs, including: UNFCCC, UNCCD, CBD, CMS, Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and the Water Convention, among others.

Ramsar Regional Initiatives 2025–2028: On Sunday, 27 July, the Secretariat introduced the draft resolution. TÜRKIYE highlighted inclusion of the global budget for Mediterranean Wetlands Ramsar Regional Initiative (MedWet). Germany, on behalf of the EU, stressed that this budget consists only of voluntary contributions. NEW ZEALAND requested exploring proposals for developing an RRI in Oceania.

On Wednesday, 30 July, the Secretariat introduced the revised resolution and after informal discussions during the lunch break, presented the compromise text, recognizing the ability of the SC to endorse areas intersessionally and allowing the Secretariat to liaise with regional representatives to the SC in parts of the world where there are currently no RRIs. The resolution was adopted with revisions.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.5 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• recognizes that MedWet is financially independent and has its own provisional budget; and
• requests the Secretariat to liaise with regional representatives to the SC and prepare a report on the opportunities for RRIs in each region of the Convention.

CEPA: On Sunday, 27 July, the Secretariat introduced the draft resolution. Discussion centered on: continued reporting and monitoring of the CEPA Programme by the CEPA Oversight Panel and advising the SC and Secretariat on work priorities; enhancement of the Handbook on Wetland CEPA; lack of guidance for selection of panel members; and non-inclusion of local community representatives in the selection of panel members. On Wednesday, 30 July, a revised document was presented to plenary, including guidance for future CEPA scope, operations, and support for focal points. The resolution was adopted with minor amendment.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.6 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• requests the CEPA Oversight Panel to monitor and report on current CEPA issues and implementation progress of current CEPA priorities, and to advise the SC and the Secretariat on progress towards CEPA work priorities;
• requests the Secretariat, subject to available resources, to identify resources for the CEPA Programme, while considering specific needs and priorities of developing countries; and
• emphasizes that World Wetlands Day is a tool for raising awareness of the Convention, and requests the Secretariat to make information on World Wetlands Day more specific and visible.

Status of Sites in the List of Wetlands of International Importance: The draft resolution was discussed on Friday, 25 July, Sunday, 27 July, and Thursday 31 July. Initial discussions centered on country updates on human-induced negative changes, utilization of the Montreux Record, and linkages with the GBF on inland waterways. Debate continued on the update process in terms of periodicity, data availability versus reporting issues, and comprehensiveness of the assessments.

On Thursday, 31 July, the Secretariat introduced the revised draft, noting revisions to a number of paragraphs. On a paragraph distinguishing between Ramsar Sites lacking adequate maps and those with outdated data exceeding six years, Sweden for the EU, MOROCCO, UK, PHILIPPINES, and JAPAN requested deletion of reference to the UN Geospatial Network on the grounds that there is no legal basis. MOROCCO emphasized the revised text contained controversial issues re-introduced from other resolutions and they could not accept amendments related to territorial disputes. Many parties expressed concern with a new reference to territorial issues, with the UK drawing attention to the new working group on Ramar Information Sheets (RIS), which intends to address mapping issues over the next triennium, as a more appropriate place for that discussion. These paragraphs were removed, and the resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.7 Rev1), the COP, inter alia:

• urges contracting parties that have not submitted their RIS or a map for all designated Ramsar Sites to provide this within the next 12 months but not later than 120 days before COP16;
• instructs the Secretariat to offer any necessary technical support and assist in response to change or likely change in the ecological character of a Ramsar Site or Sites;
• requests contracting parties, as a matter of urgency, to update the RIS at least once every six years, to adopt and apply a suitable assessment and monitoring regime, and, in the case of reported change or likely change in ecological character of a Site, to submit information on steps taken or to be taken to address them, until the issue is resolved; and
• encourages contracting parties to continue to use the Montreux Record questionnaire and to consider whether a Ramsar Site of concern would benefit from listing on the Montreux Record.

Process for recruiting a new Secretary General: The draft resolution was introduced by the Secretariat on Saturday, 26 July. Parties expressed concern regarding whether the decision should be deferred to the SC and the extent to which regionality and gender should be considered. After discussions in a contact group, the plenary considered a revised resolution. Discussions centered around divergence on criteria for selecting the next Secretary General, with some supporting use of IUCN statutes and others preferring merit-based criteria. Parties reached consensus through a Friends of the Chair meeting that the primary selection criterion would be based on merit, recognizing also the IUCN statutes. The resolution was adopted on Wednesday, 30 July, with amendments.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.8 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• decides to fund the recruitment process through the Convention’s core budget;
• encourages regional representatives on the Recruitment Committee to consult their regional groups prior to candidate interviews and keep them informed throughout the process;
• acknowledges that IUCN will oversee the recruitment under the supervision of the Chair;
• decides that the Recruitment Committee, with Secretariat support, will keep parties informed at key stages of the process, and will make its recommendation to the SC, including justification for the selected candidate, for a final decision;
• agrees that proper consultation with the SC will include timely provision of relevant information, opportunity for feedback, explanations for any feedback not reflected, and sufficient time for decision making; and
• decides that, if feasible, the incoming Secretary General should begin with a short handover period.

Implementing institutional strengthening of the Convention on Wetlands: On Sunday, 27 July, SOUTH AFRICA, Co-Chair, Working Group on Institutional Strengthening, introduced the draft resolution noting the lack of a funding mechanism for the Convention. Countries generally supported strengthening the Convention and addressing funding issues from all sources, but diverged on how to address this in existing or new potential administrative structures, and/or updating relationships with funding mechanisms such as the GEF. A Friends of the Chair group was created and provided an update on Wednesday, 30 July.

Discussion resumed in plenary with general agreement against establishing a new working group on resource mobilization and to instead request the Secretariat to explore options for resource mobilization from all sources through production of a study. After general agreement to remove a paragraph requesting follow-on tasks from the Management Working Group and the Subgroup on Finance the resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.9 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• requests SC66 to establish a new working group to continue the remaining work of the Institutional Strengthening Working Group, particularly on structural issues related to visibility of the Convention at high-level UN processes and meetings, and evaluating, e.g., methods used by other MEAs, including on arrears and reporting, to SC68 and COP16 with one or several resolutions;
• requests the Secretariat to produce within one year of COP15, a study on resource mobilization from all sources for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, which maps existing funding sources, and identifies financing gaps and potential resource mobilization options; and
• instructs the Secretary General of the Convention to continue to work with IUCN to identify improvements in the hosting arrangements relating to human resources, facilities, and administrative arrangements, in consultation with the Executive Team and the Management Working Group.

Future implementation of scientific and technical aspects of the convention 2025–2028: STRP Chair Hugh Robertson presented the draft resolution on Saturday, 26 July. Parties drew attention to prioritizing other effective area-based conservation measures (OECM) mechanisms; assessing gaps in the network of Ramsar Sites after revisions to wetland classifications; active participation of IPLCs and incorporation of Indigenous and local knowledge; review of urban wetlands; production of user-friendly outputs; sustained financial support for the STRP; and capacity building for research.

On Wednesday, 30 July, NEW ZEALAND introduced the revised draft (COP15 Doc.23.10.Rev.1), highlighting a request to embed a knowledge translation component. CANADA, with ZAMBIA and AUSTRALIA, requested it be “subject to available resources.” On work areas and proposed tasks, delegates also agreed to text taking into account, where appropriate, contributions of IPLCs.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.10 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• instructs the Secretariat, in consultation with the STRP and Earth observation partners, to further develop an initiative to enhance the use of Earth observation in wetland inventory, assessment, monitoring, and conservation; and
• requests the STRP to embed a knowledge translation within every major output to facilitate rapid uptake by the contracting parties.

Establishment of the Global Waterbird Estimates Partnership (GWEP) and delivery of the 2027 edition of Waterbird Population Estimates (WPE2027): STRP Chair Robertson introduced the draft resolution on Saturday, 26 July. Delegates highlighted the importance of updated and relevant data on waterbirds. Voluntary contributions were announced by AUSTRALIA (CHF 105,000), UK (GBP 85,000) and WETLANDS INTERNATIONAL (EUR 50,000) to start work on the GWEP and WPE2027. On Monday, 28 July, a revised draft was adopted with two additional paragraphs on exploring resource mobilization from all sources by the Secretariat and the importance of having a flexible GWEP.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.11 Rev.1), the COP decides to, inter alia:

• establish the GWEP;
• in consultation with the STRP, to deliver the WPE2027 with a focus on the regions, flyways, and populations most requiring updates;
• call on the Secretariat to explore resource mobilization opportunities from all sources to support the GWEP; and
• invite the GWEP to report on the publication of WPE2027 to COP16.

Application of Criteria 6 and 9 to new and existing Wetlands of International Importance: On Saturday, 26 July, STRP Chair Robertson presented the draft resolution, highlighting the inclusion of wetland-dependent non-avian species. Countries generally supported the resolution with some suggesting amendments on: anchoring consistent application of the criteria in trusted data sources, such as IUCN databases; the need for capacity building and financial support; and balancing the financial implications of the resolution. On Wednesday, 30 July, discussions continued on technical aspects and the resolution was adopted with minor amendments.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.12 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• notes the critical importance of waterbirds and wetland-dependent non-avian animal species for maintaining the biodiversity and ecological character of wetlands, and that the designation of Ramsar Sites using Criteria 6 and 9 is an important contribution to protecting these species;
• recognizes the importance of international cooperation to support population estimates and the application of Criteria 6 and 9, as well as its contribution to the implementation of GBF, the CMS, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;
• instructs the Secretariat to amend the Strategic Framework to support the application of Criterion 9 for wetland dependent non-avian animal species; and
• requests the Secretariat to develop proposals for capacity-building initiatives within the RRIs aimed at improving the parties’ ability to apply Criteria 6 and 9.

Ramsar Information Sheets Updating: On Saturday, 26 July, Australia, Chair, working group on RIS updating, drew attention to several substantive challenges and lack of time, underscoring that the draft resolution recommends establishment of a new working group to continue its work. In initial discussions, parties were divided on the focus of discussion, with some considering the technological and operational aspects of the RIS and others centering on mapping and data sovereignty. Some parties expressed concerns about data associated with Ramsar Sites located in disputed territories, including the authority to submit updates and potential political ramifications of maps. A contact group was formed and met throughout the meeting.

On Wednesday, 30 July, Kenya, Co-Chair of the contact group, reported convergence on scientific and technical improvements but divergence on mapping. Extensive debate ensued in plenary on the role of mapping and how to address territorial disputes. Delegates requested the legal opinion of the Secretariat’s Legal Advisor to be shared with plenary. A Friends of the Chair group convened and met twice into the evening.

On Thursday, 31 July, France, for the Friends of the Chair, relayed good progress, with consensus to form a new working group on RIS, with a redefined mandate, to present COP16. PAKISTAN hoped the resolution “will “pave the way for the Secretariat to have capacity,” but advised that the Secretariat needs to build the required legal expertise to address RIS issues. ARGENTINA urged ensuring sufficient resources to address mapping, as “if not now it will come back at each and every COP.” ALGERIA stressed the importance of a transparent inclusive global mechanism for updating RIS, that it was risky to think the RIS can be done in parts because technical and legal aspects must be adopted in one document, and called on parties to protect the integrity of RIS and ensure parties can quickly update their sites. The resolution was adopted without further amendment.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.13 Rev.1), the COP establishes a new working group on RIS, working on scientific and technical improvements, and with new terms of reference to be developed by the working group, aiming to present a revised RIS at COP16 by also considering advice from the STRP, and by examining mapping issues relevant to RIS.

The COP instructs the Secretariat to identify and recommend to the SC, subject to available resources, means to:

• enable automated transfer of data to RIS from appropriate sources for specific fields, including species lists;
• improve user-friendliness of online and offline templates and database filters;
• allow for the upload of bulk updates of offline inputs and for multiple RIS at the same time; and
• operationalize conclusions agreed by the working group, including on mapping issues.

The COP also requests the STRP, in consultation with the Secretariat and the Ramsar Regional Center-East Asia (RRC-EA), to explore the possibility of publishing a handbook on updating RIS, based on the Practitioner’s Guide for Ramsar Site Designation and Updating of RIS developed by the RRC-EA.

Strengthening action on culture and wetlands: On Sunday, 27 July, UGANDA introduced the draft resolution with broad support and various proposals to detail the work of the resolution, including via the Ramsar Culture Network. A Friends of the Chair group was established and on Monday, 28 July, the group reported all issues were resolved. On Wednesday, 30 July, the resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final document (COP15 Doc.23.14 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• recommends the Secretariat strengthen cooperation with UNESCO and the CBD in the context of the Joint Programme of Work on the Links between Biological and Cultural Diversity, and with other international bodies and initiatives sharing similar concerns;
• reaffirms the value of the Ramsar Culture Network and invites parties and others to consider providing voluntary resources and other assistance to facilitate a revival of the Network as an informal body;
• decides to establish a Working Group on Culture until COP16 that will prepare a draft resolution for COP16 on how to organize the work on culture under the Convention and invites the Ramsar Culture Network, with advice from the Secretariat, to investigate options for developing a targeted programme of culture-related work in support of relevant objectives defined in SP5, subject to available resources;
• encourages parties to include representation of cultural expertise, including IPLCs, in the membership of Ramsar National Committees; and
• invites parties and others to ensure the greatest possible success of World Wetlands Day in 2026 on its agreed theme of “Wetlands and traditional knowledge: celebrating cultural heritage”.

Restoration of degraded freshwater ecosystems to support ecological character biodiversity and ecosystem services: On Saturday, 26 July, GABON introduced the draft resolution, which maintained broad support. Parties raised issues focused on the modification of the proposed quantitative targets to align with targets already submitted to CBD, and allocation of funding to restore degraded ecosystems.

On Wednesday. 30 July, discussion continued on inclusion of green and blue rivers in national policies and plans for water management and terminology regarding “local and traditional knowledge.” The resolution was adopted with amendments.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.15 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• welcomes the GBF provisions relating to wetland restoration, particularly the inclusion of water ecosystems in Target 2, as well as 1 and 3;
• recognizes the importance of strengthening institutions through capacity building and mobilization of financial resources, aimed at freshwater ecosystems restoration;
• encourages parties to include local and traditional knowledge in the design and implementation of restoration processes and active community participation; and
• urges parties, international and national organizations, financial institutions and other stakeholders to mobilize sufficient financial resources to achieve restoration and long-term conservation of freshwater ecosystems.

Strengthening national actions for the conservation and restoration of waterbird flyways and critical sites: CHINA introduced the draft resolution on Sunday, 27 July. Ensuing discussions concerned engaging with existing flyway initiatives to identify gaps and opportunities, integrating flyway-related actions into SP5, providing support for capacity- and resource-limited parties, and engaging with capacity-building tools under other conventions.

On Thursday, 31 July, CHINA introduced a revised text, which was adopted without further amendments.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.16 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia: invited parties and other states to:

• join migratory waterbird conservation initiatives at the national level, such as the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, and the CMS;
• develop a national action plan for the conservation and restoration of migratory waterbird flyways;
• support and engage with flyway initiatives relevant to their geography; and
• exchange best practices, conservation evidence, and experiences in enhancing national actions.

The COP also:

• encourages parties and other states to conduct migratory waterbird censuses and waterbird population estimates, and to ensure that information available from all relevant national schemes is collated at the national level and incorporated into the global data collated by the GWEP.
• encourages the IOPs, other NGOs, and private sector actors to support parties and other governments in the process of development and implementation of national flyway plans and actions;
• calls on parties to establish and/or strengthen national flyway partnerships; and
• requests the Secretariat to engage with existing flyway processes to understand where gaps exist in the implementation of Resolution X.22 and to report back to the SC on opportunities for further enhancing national implementation.

Promoting incorporation of new technology and traditional knowledge in wetland conservation, restoration, management, and wise use: CHINA introduced the draft resolution on Sunday, 27 July.

Ensuing discussions focused on the modalities of technology sharing, including whether sharing of technology, science, and knowledge should occur on a voluntary basis and mutually agreed terms; free, prior and informed consent of IPLCs; and strengthening youth involvement in monitoring and research. Following informal consultations among concerned parties, the revised resolution was adopted on Thursday, 31 July.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.17 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• recognizes that parties have diverse approaches to promoting new technologies and preserving traditional knowledge, shaped by national contexts, cultures, and available resources;
• urges parties to respect the free, prior, and informed consent of IPLCs when developing and sharing science, technology, and knowledge;
• encourages parties, on a voluntary and mutually agreed basis, to share technologies and knowledge relevant to wetland conservation and management; and
• encourages IOPs, other NGOs, research institutions, and private sector bodies to contribute to the development and application of new technology and its use for the preservation, promotion, and incorporation of traditional knowledge.

The COP requests the STRP to:

• review the state of practice in wetland-related new technologies and traditional knowledge;
• develop guidance for incorporating both into wetland conservation and wise use;
• report to COP17 on refined priority areas; and
• apply, as appropriate, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) approach to working with traditional knowledge to ensure ethical engagement protocols are followed.

Achieving equitable governance and effective conservation of wetlands as protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs): On Sunday, 27 July, the UK presented the draft resolution, which was developed in partnership with several parties. Many parties supported the resolution, recognizing its alignment with the GBF, particularly Target 3 and the flexibility afforded by the OECM approach. Parties discussed: the definition of OECMs under the Convention on Wetlands and the CBD; enhanced reporting efficiency; prioritization of PAs; emphasis on resource mobilization and access to finance; and development of adaptive management tools and stakeholder engagement in national plans, among others.

On Wednesday, 30 July, the UK presented the revised draft. Delegates diverged on viewing PAs and OECMs as equivalent or prioritizing PAs as, unlike OECMs, their main objective is biodiversity conservation. A Friends of the Chair meeting was scheduled to resolve the dispute.

On Thursday, 31 July, the UK presented the revised draft, noting that no agreement was reached by the parties. A Friends of the Chair meeting was convened during lunch to allow for more time to refine the text. After reaching a compromise, the delegates adopted the resolution.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.18 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• notes the development of different national approaches to ensure wise use of Ramsar Sites, in line with national circumstances and capacities;
• invites parties to prioritize embedding Ramsar Sites, and other effectively managed wetlands, into national systems of PAs, and into systems of OECMs, in support of GBF Target 3;
• adopts the following definitions of PAs and OECMs: PAs: “a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives;” and OECMs: “a geographically defined area other than a PA, which is governed and managed in ways that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio-economic, and other locally relevant values.”

Youth empowerment and integration: driving engagement in and the longevity of the convention on wetlands: AUSTRALIA introduced the draft resolution on Sunday, 27 July. YOUTH ENGAGED IN WETLANDS noted the increased participation of youth delegates at COP15, but lamented funding and resource challenges faced by youth focal points. On Wednesday, 30 July, AUSTRALIA presented the revised draft resolution, noting the need for some minor amendments. Informal discussions ensued.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.19 Rev.2), the COP, inter alia:

• urges contracting parties to recognize the importance of engaging with young people, including Indigenous and vulnerable youth;
• re-establishes the term extension of the Youth Working Group to continue into the 2025–2028 triennium;
• encourages the Youth Working Group to refer to the terms of reference agreed at COP14;
• requests the Secretariat to continue to employ the capacity of its junior professional programme, subject to resource availability; and
• encourages parties to empower their Youth Focal Point to participate in decision-making processes, consult them on developing and updating national wetland-related policies, include them in SC meetings and COPs, and establish a national youth steering committee to support the youth focal point.

Promoting sustainable lifestyles for the wise use of wetlands: INDIA introduced the draft resolution on Sunday, 27 July, with broad support. After informal consultations, the item was discussed again in plenary on Wednesday, 30 July, where INDIA noted, among others, the consensus to remove proposals for resource mobilization to maintain the focus of the resolution on supporting CEPA. The plenary adopted the revised resolution.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.20 Rev1), the COP, inter alia:

• encourages parties to consider the integration of sustainable lifestyles-based interventions in their wetland management plans, programmes, CEPA activities, and investments at all levels and to create enabling conditions, including fostering public and private collaboration, and pursuing education and awareness-raising initiatives; and
• requests the STRP, subject to available resources, to submit a compilation of the methods, case studies, and evidence base.

Recognition of river dolphins as key species for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in South America and Asia: COLOMBIA introduced the draft resolution on Sunday, 27 July. Delegates highlighted interlinkages and opportunities to cooperate with the CMS, national reporting mechanisms, and regional cooperation and local community involvement. Noting broad support for the draft resolution, COP15 Alternate President Chifamba invited parties to submit amendments in writing.

On Wednesday, 30 July, COLOMBIA introduced the revised resolution, noting the modification to add “indicator species,” enabling consideration of species other than dolphins to demonstrate the health of rivers and wetlands. The resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.21 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• encourages parties to strengthen their management and conservation actions related to wetland habitats that are essential for indicator species, e.g., river dolphins, and to report on actions in their national reports to COP16;
• invites parties to consider river indicator species as keystone species for different levels of biodiversity and to apply actions consistent with applicable commitments under the CMS, as appropriate, and in collaboration with relevant entities at the intergovernmental and national levels; and
• encourages parties, with the support of the Secretariat, to establish a mechanism to disseminate best practices and lessons learned on conservation and monitoring of river dolphins and also of over river indicator species.

Education and participation as a basis for the management of urban and peri-urban wetlands: On Sunday, 27 July, COLOMBIA introduced the draft resolution, which received broad support. On Wednesday, 30 July, Colombia shared revised text, highlighting additional focus on supporting local, including subnational and city, governments, and linkages with climate action. CANADA preferred recognizing the involvement of “rightsholders and partners” and to create citizen participation platforms that support consultation of “all rightsholders and stakeholders.” The UK preferred “encouraging” rather than “urging” several actions and suggested removal of specific mention of climate instruments. The plenary adopted the amended resolution.

Final Outcome: In the final decision (COP15 Doc.23.22 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• urges parties to promote the conservation and wise use of urban and peri-urban wetlands, which are affected by urban development activities and initiatives, and to integrate this approach in the basic principles for the achievement of sustainable urban development objectives;
• urges parties to promote the dissemination of information on the importance of urban wetlands as habitats for biodiversity, water regulation, carbon storage, and recreation and other ecosystem services;
• invites parties to promote integration of wetland management education plans to include wetland content in school, university, and non-formal education programmes; and to familiarize subnational governments, including city governments with important voluntary initiatives that can catalyze knowledge exchange;
• recommends parties promote capacity-building processes for communities and decision-makers as a basis for providing training for local leaders, authorities and community groups on sustainable wetland management, recognizing the important role of local and regional governments in the management of wetlands within their jurisdictions;
• urges parties to promote cleaner production processes that allow the productive sector to reduce environmental impacts on urban and peri-urban wetlands;
• encourages parties to formulate collaborative management plans as a basis for developing and implementing participatory management plans fostering community action processes;
• recommends that public policies supporting the conservation and sustainable use of urban wetlands be formulated; and
• requests the Secretariat and the STRP to strengthen collaborative initiatives with the CBD and other urban development stakeholders.

Assessing vulnerability of wetlands to pressures on and risks: On Sunday, 27 July, the REPUBLIC OF KOREA introduced the draft resolution, which included an overview of the Wetland Vulnerability Assessment Tool (WETVAT). Delegates supported the voluntary use of WETVAT and highlighted that it should complement national reporting and requested support in technical capacity building.

On Thursday, 31 July, the REPUBLIC OF KOREA presented the revised document with a change in the title to “Assessing vulnerability of wetlands to pressures and risks,” to align with a previously used term in the Convention. The resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.23 Rev.1), the COP, inter alia:

• recognizes the need to improve the assessment of pressures on and risks to wetlands and the impacts of threats and drivers of negative change in ecological character;
• calls on parties to ensure that parameters of monitoring the condition of Ramsar Sites and other wetlands include not only biological and hydrological components, but also the vulnerability of the ecological character of wetlands to a variety of pressures and risks;
• takes note of WETVAT and invites parties to consider, as appropriate, using the approach to assess pressures on and risks to wetlands, especially relating to informing changes in the ecological character of wetland, and contributing to enhancing the tool; and
• confirms that there is no additional reporting obligation and the use of WETVAT is voluntary.

Ramsar List: ALGERIA introduced the draft resolution on Saturday, 26 July, but proposed deferring its review until the adoption of other related resolutions. The UK, supported by MOROCCO, NEPAL, and others, requested the withdrawal of the draft resolution and to respect the decision of SC64 that the resolution be considered in the next triennium during SC67. Delegates raised other concerns: the proposal goes beyond the Secretariat’s mandate; the Ramsar listing process is not the proper forum to settle territorial disputes; and the politicization of the Ramsar listing process. ALGERIA raised several legal questions to the Secretariat, who, on Wednesday, 30 July, delivered a legal opinion reflecting that the Convention and UN do not play a role in determining maps. On Thursday, 31 July, the UK, supported by JAPAN, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES, and others, reiterated a request to withdraw the draft resolution. In the ensuing discussion, ALGERIA agreed, in the spirit of consensus, to withdraw it and present a new resolution on the Ramsar List at the next SC session.

Thanks to the host country, the Republic of Zimbabwe: The draft resolution was introduced by CHINA on Thursday, 31 July. MEXICO suggested strengthening technical support to the host country. The resolution was adopted.

Final Outcome: In the final resolution (COP15 Doc.23.25), the COP:

• notes the outcomes of the high-level segment of COP15, which was organized by the Zimbabwe under its own initiative; and
• takes note of the adoption of the “Victoria Falls Declaration” and its intended aim to enhance the visibility of the Convention and strengthen high-level commitment to conserve and wisely use wetlands.

Extension of Resolution XIV.20: On Friday, 25 July, Alternate COP15 President Chifamba informed parties of this draft resolution, noting it would be taken up after all other draft resolutions had been considered. The RUSSIAN FEDERATION announced its withdrawal from the Convention, stating it could no longer participate in an instrument that allowed states to politicize their activities. UKRAINE urged support for extending the assessment of damage to their wetlands. Denmark, on behalf of the EU and UK, condemned the impacts of the Russian Federation’s aggression on Ukraine’s wetlands.

On Monday, 28 July, UKRAINE introduced a revised draft resolution. BRAZIL, CHINA, and VENEZUELA objected, saying the late submission violated the Convention’s Rules of Procedure. Divisions remained over whether the draft resolution was technical versus political in nature. Several parties objected to forming a contact group.

On Wednesday, 30 July, debate continued over the draft resolution. UKRAINE requested that a roll-call vote be held, and discussions ensued over voting procedures and the opinion by the Secretariat’s Legal Advisor that Ukraine’s first-in-time request for a roll-call vote prevailed over any subsequent requests for a secret ballot. On Thursday, the Legal Advisor reviewed the voting process. Delegates then voted on how to vote, with the secret ballot prevailing. The resolution was adopted by a simple majority, with 46 in favor, 11 opposed, and 52 parties abstaining.

Final Outcome: In the final document (COP15 Doc.23.26), the COP, inter alia:

• decides to continue implementing Resolution XIV.20 for as long as needed to address the environmental impacts of the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine’s wetlands;
• requests the Secretariat to coordinate with relevant actors in assessing affected Ramsar Sites, and advising on mitigation and restoration; and
• requests the Secretariat to report on damage assessments and mitigation measures to COP16, with interim updates to the SC.

Closing Plenary

On Thursday, 31 July, the Secretariat announced Panama had offered to host COP16, to be held in Panama City in July 2028, which was welcomed. Delegates adopted the report of the meeting.

During closing remarks, COP15 Alternate President Chifamba emphasized what can be accomplished by working together in true partnership, with a renewed focus on shared ambition. Secretary General Musonda Mumba said the increased budget will allow the Secretariat to serve the contracting parties well.

COP15 President Evelyn Ndlovu acknowledged the presence of youth, IPLCs, community leaders, and scientists, reflecting that the tapestry of wetlands is mirrored by its tapestry of humanity. She urged delegates to put into action the shared commitment reflected in the Victoria Falls Declaration and gaveled the meeting to a close at 4:57 pm.

A Brief Analysis of COP15

“Nature still speaks with a mighty voice.”

Mosi-oa-Tunya—the smoke that thunders—describes the sound and mist created by the plunge of the Zambezi River into the chasm below. Visible in the distance from the venue, the mists reminded delegates at the fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramar Convention on Wetlands (COP15) what is possible when water is respected and protected.

The 134 contracting parties present faced a familiar yet increasingly urgent challenge—how to scale ambition to match the scope and pace of wetland loss worldwide. The Global Wetland Outlook 2025 reported that nearly a third of wetlands have been lost due to degradation since the 1970s; and by 2050, another 25% will disappear without more effective action. With this in mind, the meeting opened with calls to align the Convention with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), agree on a strategic plan to guide the next decade, and fund its work in line with its mandate.

This brief analysis explores how ambition at COP15 was expressed, negotiated, and constrained, through the lens of strategic direction, implementation, and finance.

Strategy in Context

By the penultimate day of COP15, there had been no substantive updates on the fifth Strategic Plan (SP5) in plenary, only the promise that steady progress was being made in the contact group. After eight years under the fourth Strategic Plan (SP4), the urgency of adopting a new roadmap loomed large—particularly given calls for alignment with the GBF. With only a few days remaining, and concerned about the apparent lack of progress, COP15 Alternate President Tadeous Chifamba told delegates SP5 is important for the work of the triennium and beyond, urging parties to ensure the plan is highly ambitious and actualized. Discussions during the final morning of COP15 led to the smooth adoption of SP5 that afternoon, bringing relief and cautious optimism.

SP5 marks a shift in direction. Responding to the findings of the recent assessments of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), SP5 places transformative change at its core, moving beyond the three-pillar framework—wise use of wetlands, designation and management of Ramsar Sites and international cooperation—and embedding them into a broader vision of living in harmony with nature, aligned with the GBF. Its theory of transformative change is rooted in collective action, highlighting the roles of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs), rights-based approaches including community-based natural resource management, and civil society cooperation and solidarity.

The plan explicitly promotes coherence and complementarity across multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), notably aiming to capitalize on the adoption of the GBF. Two targets under Goal 1 (on conserving and restoring wetlands) aim to contribute to GBF targets 2 and 3, which call for restoring 30% of degraded ecosystems and conserving 30% of land, water, and seas by 2030, respectively. In addition to synergies with the GBF and Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) more broadly, SP5 calls for alignment with: the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement; Convention on Migratory Species (CMS); UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD); Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction; the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration; and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (water and sanitation). Efforts to promote alignment and synergies with other SDGs and GBF targets also featured in other resolutions and discussions throughout the week.

Not all parties were happy with the final text, seeing decreased ambition on some fronts. SP5 retains goals that are similar to the previous plan, but the target on drivers of wetland loss focuses on impacts, not the drivers themselves, compared to text in SP4. Additionally, all references to specific quantitative targets were removed. During the final day’s plenary discussions, Brazil attributed this outcome to “huge resistance on mobilization of resources,” emphasizing that “ambitions need to be commensurate with means of implementation.”

Another fault line emerged around the inclusion of the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR). Many Global South countries saw CBDR as an expression of equity in international environmental law. Pakistan, for example, argued that countries opposing CBDR should be grateful the discussion had not extended to colonial occupation and other legacies of environmental degradation. Switzerland, supported by several Global North countries, argued that CBDR is specific to climate governance, while the Convention focuses on site-based national implementation and already accounts for varying national capacities through other means. The term was removed from the final version, replaced by a broader reference to the Rio Declaration principles and the SDGs as guiding frameworks for implementation.

SP5 introduces new targets and outlines an outcome-oriented framework for indicators. However, the more challenging task of actually agreeing on indicators was left to the Standing Committee, to be taken up by COP16. Adoption of SP5 is a milestone, particularly at a challenging time for multilateralism. But its true test lies ahead, with its transformative potential depending on implementation and the political will needed to turn goals into reality.

Updating the System

COP15 demonstrated a moment of growth for the Convention in terms of modernization, relevance in the international arena, and alignment with the momentum and politics of other MEAs. Throughout the meeting, parties repeatedly drew attention to gaps in modernization. The Ramsar Information Sheets (RIS), which parties use to document and describe their Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites), were a focal point as many parties consider their functionality to be central to the Convention’s purpose.

One developed country said, “After 10 years, the RIS are still not fit for purpose.” Many parties expressed frustration with the user interface and process for listing and amending the status of their wetlands. Nearly 75% of all updates to the RIS—required every six years—are overdue, with gaps in data availability, delays in submissions, and lags in publication in the online database contributing to the backlog. In a welcome advance, COP15 approved enabling automated transfer of data—for example from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red Lists—to ease reporting burdens. Further work on this issue will be part of the mandate of the new RIS working group, which COP15 also tasked with delivering a modified RIS to COP16.

Divisions remained on issues related to territorial mapping and data sovereignty. The RIS requires maps for each Ramsar Site, which raises issues if the Site involves disputed territories. Concerns included which country submits the required data or has authority to review it, and whether Convention maps imply political boundaries. An opinion from the Secretariat’s Legal Advisor failed to assuage concerns, and with the issue proving too complex for resolution at COP15, it also was referred to the RIS working group. In contrast, the agreement to increase the use and application of Earth observation data in wetland inventory, assessment, monitoring and conservation was hailed as a step forward.

Ensuring the Convention’s relevance in the international arena depends on increased visibility and synergies with other MEAs and international institutions. Many parties emphasized the need for coordinated action with other processes, such as the CMS, CBD and the GBF, UNFCCC, and UNCCD—as well as the SDGs. The decision on other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) was considered significant, as it expands recognition of wetland conservation approaches beyond protected areas, and aligns the Convention with GBF Targets 3 (30% protected areas and OECMs by 2030) and 12 (urban green and blue spaces). These decisions were praised by NGOs who saw them as a major step forward in conservation and local government work. The presence of leaders from many of these agencies at the High-level Ministerial Segment reinforced the relevance of the Convention at the international level. Regional and transboundary cooperation, the Ramsar Regional Initiatives (RRIs), and Wetland City Accreditation also were noted as helping to elevate the Convention’s visibility at local and regional levels.

Institutional strengthening was a core issue for COP15, especially for advancing resource mobilization. As part of this effort, COP15 requested the Secretariat to produce a study on resource mobilization from all sources, including lessons learned and options to improve financing for the Convention. COP15 also saw broad support for expanding social aspects of the Convention. Novel resolutions on sustainable lifestyles and culture and wetlands are expected to deepen stakeholder engagement.

As many ministers noted on the first day, the Convention on Wetlands has much to contribute to global dialogues on sustainable development, including for climate, biodiversity, desertification, food and water security, health, and livelihoods for people around the world. COP15 showed the ambition is there. The success of the RIS working group and the study on resource mobilization will help determine whether that ambition translates to action.

Scaling Resources to Match Ambition

The draft budget resolution presented to the COP contained four scenarios: status quo, or a nominal increase of 0% (default), and nominal increases of 4.1%, 9.6%, or 11.3%. The Convention’s budget has been the same for last four trienniums (12 years), despite inflation and continued increases in the Secretariat’s workload.

Most of the discussions in plenary focused on the need for more voluntary contributions or concerns about parties in arrears. The announcement of a 4.1% budget increase for the next triennium was greeted by applause, as many saw this as an auspicious sign for the future of the Convention. This budget increase will be from the following sources: 1.8% to be met by through parties’ contributions, 2.1% by the partial use of core budget surplus, and 0.2% by other sources of income. The increase was more palatable to some countries due to its partial reliance on the use of surplus funds. Japan hailed the announcement as “historic.”

Concerns about the Convention’s overall financing mechanisms and sources of alternative funding permeated discussions on RRIs, Ramsar Sites, RIS, and institutional strengthening. There also was good news on this front. The establishment of a new working group on structural issues and evaluating methods used by other MEAs, including on arrears, reflected the understanding of contracting parties that the Convention needs a robust funding mechanism and a way to mobilize funding from all sources in order to retain its relevance and forge synergies with other institutions. The decision of the COP to request the SC to conduct a study on resource mobilization, which will map existing funding sources and identify gaps and options, presents an opportunity to improve the financial health of the Convention.

Victoria Falls Legacy

COP15 invited delegates to consider the theme, “Protecting wetlands for our common future.” At times, the sense of commonality was tested. While technical progress was made, political undercurrents rose to the surface. At the outset of the meeting, the Russian Federation announced their withdrawal from the Convention, stating it could not participate in a politicized instrument. As if in counterpoint, Saudi Arabia’s imminent accession promised to keep the number of contracting parties at 172.

While Ukraine’s proposed resolution was adopted—to extend the Secretariat’s work of assessing impacts to wetlands from the Russia-Ukraine conflict—it wasn’t a clear mandate. More parties preferred the vote be held by secret ballot, and more abstained than voted in favor.

As is the norm for the Convention on Wetlands, political divides remain but the parties engaged in civil discussions, pushing through to reach agreement on 25 resolutions. The Wetland City Accreditation program grew, and for the first time, an Indigenous Peoples Award was presented during the Ramsar Awards ceremony. The Victoria Falls Declaration reaffirmed the commitment to protecting wetlands in the face of accelerating loss. Many gave partial credit to the firm yet collegial leadership of  COP15 Alternate President Chifamba for the ultimate outcomes of the meeting.

Intersessional work lies ahead, especially for the Secretariat and Standing Committee, including translating the goals and targets of the SP5 into meaningful action on the ground, and navigating politically complex issues associated with the RIS. During closing remarks, COP15 President Evelyn Ndlovu reminded delegates, “The legacy of Victoria Falls is not only its beauty, but also its enduring power to unite and inspire.” The challenge moving forward will be to turn that inspiration into institutional resilience and results that secure wetlands for future generations.