Daily report for 10 November 2025

Pre-sessional consultations on the agendas were successful in yielding the desired outcome: parties swiftly agreed to launch substantive negotiations. The items proposed by individual groups and parties were not included in the adopted agendas, with the understanding that the Presidency will hold consultations thereon. The first of these took place in the afternoon.

Welcome Remarks

Mukhtar Babayev, President of the 29th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 29) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), recalled the challenging negotiations on the new collective quantified goal on climate finance (NCQG) in Baku. Looking forward, he called on donors to prepare plans outlining how they will deliver their fair share of the USD 300 billion, and emphasized it would be logical to set a target of tripling adaptation finance. Handing over the Presidency to Brazil, he reminded participants that, with the completion of the Paris Agreement Rulebook and the definition of the NCQG in 2024, the Paris Agreement is now entering its first full implementation cycle.

COP 30 President André Corrêa do Lago pointed to the diplomatic heritage of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and said that the presence of subnational authorities and parliamentarians is a sign of collective mobilization for the implementation of COP decisions. He highlighted the importance of the “Mutirão” and the presentation of solutions through the action agenda, and said the COP will be one of implementation, adaptation, and integration of climate policy and economic development, informed by science.

Noting that the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions curve is going down, UNFCCC Executive Secretary Simon Stiell underscored that the Paris Agreement is working, but parties need to move faster in strengthening resilience and reducing emissions to return to 1.5°C after any temporary overshoot. He said that at COP 30 countries must agree on concrete steps to achieve a fair and orderly transition away from fossil fuels, agree on the indicators that will help speed up progress on adaptation, and start moving towards the USD 1.3 trillion goal in mobilized climate finance.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil, noted the significance of hosting the COP in Belém, in the heart of the Amazon. He pointed to COP 30 as an opportunity to reclaim the enthusiasm of the Rio Earth Summit that birthed the UNFCCC, underlining that the USD 1.3 trillion needed to address the climate crisis is less than the over USD 2.7 trillion in annual military spending. Lamenting the current era of fake news and misinformation, he called upon delegates to reject falsehood and fear and urged world leaders to accelerate their climate action, in line with the Call of Belém for the Climate issued during the COP 30 Leaders’ Summit. 

In a video message, Jim Skea, Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), noted that 2024 was the warmest year on record at 1.55°C above preindustrial levels and that implementation of all Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) would still lead to 2.3-2.5°C warming by the end of the century.

Procedural Matters

Rules of procedure: Parties agreed to apply the draft rules of procedure (FCCC/CP/1996/2), except draft rule 42 on voting. The Presidency will hold consultations on the way forward.

Adoption of the agendas: President Corrêa do Lago reported that the pre-sessional consultations, including Heads of Delegation consultations on Sunday night, produced agreement on a way forward with respect to the eight items proposed for inclusion on the negotiations agenda by groups and countries, emphasizing the mutual recognition that the concerns underlying the proposals are legitimate and require attention. He noted that the item on implementing the decision on the first Global Stocktake (GST), including with regard to scaling up finance to halt and reverse deforestation, was withdrawn by the proponents. He proposed adopting the different bodies’ provisional and supplementary provisional agendas without the agenda items suggested for inclusion by parties, with the understanding that the Presidency would convene consultations, open to observers, on:

• implementation of Paris Agreement Article 9.1 (developed countries’ finance provision obligation);
• trade-restrictive unilateral measures;
• responding to the synthesis report on NDCs and addressing the 1.5 °C ambition and implementation gap; and
• synthesis of biennial transparency reports (BTRs).

A stocktaking plenary on 12 November will provide an update on these consultations. 

President Corrêa do Lago further stated the Presidency will convene consultations on: the special needs and circumstances of Africa, with the outcome of the consultations to be reflected in the meeting report, noting the Presidency will organize a special event on the matter during COP 30 and a summit will be held in Africa in 2027; and the annual expert dialogue on mountains, with the outcome to be reflected in the meeting report. He said health will be considered under the agenda items on adaptation.

Parties agreed to defer the consideration of: long-term finance, to COP 31; the periodic review of the long-term global goal under the Convention and of overall progress towards achieving it, to COP 31; and the report on the high-level ministerial round table on increased ambition of Kyoto Protocol commitments, to the 21st session of the COP serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 21). The proposals for amendments to the Convention and the second review of the adequacy of Convention Article 4.2(a–b) will be held in abeyance.

With the understanding that matters considered in Presidency consultations will be removed from the respective agendas and subsequent items will be renumbered accordingly, parties adopted:

• the COP supplementary provisional agenda (FCCC/CP/2025/1/Add.1);
• the CMP provisional agenda (FCCC/KP/CMP/2025/1);
• the COP serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) supplementary provisional agenda (FCCC/PA/CMA/2025/1/Add.3).

Emulating the agreement on the adoption of the agendas of the 62nd sessions of the Subsidiary Bodies (SB 62), the SB Chairs proposed to add two footnotes to their respective agendas, on: the Chairs holding substantive consultations on the implementation of Article 9.1 and reporting back thereon to SB 63; and issues related to unilateral trade-restrictive measures being discussed under relevant agenda items, including the just transition work programme. With these amendments, the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) adopted their provisional agendas (FCCC/SBI/2025/12 and FCCC/SBSTA/2025/5).

Organization of work: During their respective opening plenaries, the governing and subsidiary bodies agreed on their organization of work as follows. Presidency consultations will convene on:

• dates and venues of future sessions;
• decision-making in the UNFCCC process; and
• the COP’s authority and guidance over the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM).

A COP contact group will convene on the seventh review of the Financial Mechanism. Joint COP/CMA contact groups will convene on: the Standing Committee on Finance (SCF); the Green Climate Fund (GCF); the Global Environment Facility (GEF); the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage Fund; and ex ante finance reporting (Paris Agreement Article 9.5). A CMA contact group will convene on the dialogue on finance flow alignment (Paris Agreement Article 2.1c). A joint CMP/CMA contact group will convene on the Adaptation Fund. 

Under the CMA, informal consultations will convene on:

• the report on the annual GST dialogue;
• cooperative approaches referred to in Paris Agreement Article 6.2;
• the mechanism established by Paris Agreement Article 6.4; and
• non-market approaches referred to in Paris Agreement Article 6.8.

Under the CMP, informal consultations will convene on matters relating to the Clean Development Mechanism and the future of the Kyoto Protocol Compliance Committee.

The governing bodies’ remaining agenda items were forwarded to the SBs. Upon the SBs’ closing plenaries, the Presidency will propose modalities of work for the second week of the conference.

Joint SB contact groups will convene on the just transition work programme and response measures. Joint SB informal consultations will convene on: matters relating to adaptation; the joint annual report of WIM’s Executive Committee and the Santiago Network; the 2024 review of the WIM; the mitigation work programme; matters relating to the Global Stocktake; agriculture; and the joint annual report of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network.

SBI contact groups will convene on: arrangements for intergovernmental meetings; and administrative, financial, and institutional matters, with a spin-off group addressing the Kyoto Protocol’s international transaction log budget for 2026-2027.

Under the SBSTA, informal consultations will convene on: research and systematic observation; matters related to Paris Agreement Article 6; and cooperation with other international organizations.

The SBs agreed to defer the consideration of the review of the progress, effectiveness, and performance of the Adaptation Committee to SB 64 and the SBI agreed to defer the consideration of the second review of the functions of the Standing Committee on Finance to SBI 64. The compilations and syntheses of biennial reports and information contained in non-Annex I parties’ national communications will be held in abeyance.

SBSTA Chair Ayebare proposed to defer the consideration of emissions from fuel used for international aviation and maritime transport to SBSTA 64. Noting the importance of the matter, CHINA urged addressing it at this session. The SBSTA agreed to convene informal consultations thereon at SBSTA 63.

All remaining items will be discussed in informal consultations.

ZIMBABWE sought reassurances that health will be addressed in adaptation discussions. SBSTA Chair Ayebare confirmed this is the understanding.

Admission of observers: The COP agreed to admit all listed observers and took note of organizations that changed their names (FCCC/CP/2025/3).

Substantive Matters

Presidency consultations on NDCs, BTRs, finance, and unilateral trade measures: Túlio de Andrade, COP 30/CMP 20/CMA 7 Presidency, invited delegates to express their views on the key elements to be addressed under the four issues under discussion, as well as expected next steps.

Regarding NDCs and BTRs, the ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES (AOSIS) called for space to discuss the mitigation gap and identify means to close it, expressing willingness to do this through a cover decision. The INDEPENDENT ALLIANCE OF LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (AILAC) stressed that evaluating BTRs will enable analysis of progress towards the Paris Agreement’s collective goals and identification of implementation gaps. They called for a comprehensive analysis of support provided and received. The ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRITY GROUP (EIG) proposed an “NDC roadmap,” similar to the Roadmap to USD 1.3 trillion, that aims to mobilize collaboration to “achieve more and faster.” CANADA supported discussing a concrete policy response on enhancing collaboration and ambition, and identifying concrete next steps without setting new targets. SINGAPORE suggested scaling up ambition can be in the context of supporting developing countries to achieve their conditional NDCs and to achieve the top range of their unconditional NDCs. AILAC proposed a “Mutirão” implementation package that includes an NDC response that is coupled with the provision of finance.

Responding to comments that the proposal to discuss the ambition gap conflicts with the “Paris cycle,” the UK and AOSIS clarified that the purpose of the proposal is to accelerate implementation of the agreed Paris Agreement goals, not to change them.

On finance, JAPAN, the UK, EIG, NORWAY, and other countries preferred discussing Article 9 in its entirety, noting the importance of voluntary contributions (Article 9.2) and mobilizing finance from a wide variety of sources (Article 9.3). The AFRICAN GROUP urged a focus on Article 9.1, highlighting this is a legal obligation owed by developed to developing countries.

AILAC encouraged operationalizing the NCQG by creating milestones, targets, and a workplan. The ARAB GROUP supported a plan of action and work programme for delivering on Article 9.1, and a new adaptation finance goal. GRUPO SUR proposed including Article 9.1 on the SB 64 agenda. SOUTH AFRICA and PANAMA called for defining the meaning of “provision” of finance.

Regarding unilateral trade measures (UTMs), JAPAN, the EUROPEAN UNION (EU), and others, cautioned against duplicating discussions that are more appropriate under the World Trade Organization (WTO). AILAC and the EU supported discussing UTMs under existing agenda items, such as response measures and the just transition work programme. The LIKE-MINDED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (LMDCs) and ARAB GROUP stressed UTMs penalize developing countries and impact their ability to take action to address climate change.

Consultations will continue.

Reports of the Subsidiary Bodies: The Co-Facilitators of the 2025 Ocean and Climate Change Dialogue reported on the outcomes of the dialogue convened during SB 62 and highlighted the pending entry into force of the High Seas Treaty, urging parties to ratify and implement the latter. 

Guidance relating to adaptation communications: The CMA adopted a draft decision forwarded by SB 62 (FCCC/SBI/2025/L.4).

Report of the Adaptation Committee: The SBs welcomed the 2025 report of the Adaptation Committee (FCCC/SB/2025/7). 

Joint annual report of the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism and the Santiago Network: The COP and CMA adopted draft decisions forwarded by SB 62 (FCCC/SB/2025/L.1), taking note of the 2024 joint annual report.

National Communications: The CMP took note that no new national communications were received since the last consideration of this item at SB 61.

Kyoto Protocol Compliance Committee: The CMP took note of the Committee’s twentieth annual report (FCCC/KP/CMP/2025/4). 

Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee: The CMA took note of the Committee’s sixth annual report (FCCC/PA/CMA/2025/9).

Summary reports on the technical analysis of Non-Annex I Parties’ biennial update reports: The SBI took note of the summary reports on the technical analysis of biennial update reports.

Report on Annex I Parties’ national GHG inventory data: During the SBI opening plenary, SBI Chair Gardiner proposed that the SBI take note of the report (FCCC/SBI/2025/20). UKRAINE drew attention to the Russian Federation’s submission, noting it includes data from unlawfully occupied territories of Ukraine. Pointing to past practice, they called for including in the report a footnote referencing 2014 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 68/262 on the occupation of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, and proposed to also reference the 2022 UNGA Resolutions 11/1 and 11/4 that recognize illegal military occupation of the Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhzhia regions of Ukraine. In the meantime, they suggested, and the SBI agreed to, defer the matter to SBI 64.

Technical review of Annex I Parties’ GHG inventories: The SBSTA noted the report (FCCC/SBSTA/2025/INF.2).

Budgetary, financial, and institutional matters: The COP and CMP adopted draft decisions forwarded by SB 62 (FCCC/SBI/2025/L.8/Add.1 and FCCC/SBI/2025/L.8/Add.2).

Other matters: SBI Chair Gardiner recalled that SB 62 mandated the SB Chairs to hold substantive consultations on the implementation of Paris Agreement Article 9.1 and report to SB 63 thereon. She highlighted that, among others: some parties noted the connection to UNFCCC Article 4.3; some refuted the view that Article 9.1 has not been implemented; and some asked for a stand-alone agenda item or work programme on the implementation of Article 9.1, while others expressed concern over separating Article 9.1 from the overall context of Article 9 and highlighted existing agenda items on the implementation of finance commitments. SBSTA Chair Ayebare highlighted that no consensus was achieved during the consultations. Noting the matter will be addressed in Presidency consultations, he stated that this report concludes the SB Chairs’ mandate.

CHINA and SAUDI ARABIA expressed concern over the lack of prior notice on the timing of the SB Chairs’ report, lamenting that their negotiators on finance matters are not in the room. They requested that the issue be picked up again with advance notice. The SB Chairs will report again on this matter later in the session.

Thematic workshop on further engaging local communities in the UNFCCC process: In this event convened by the COP 30 Presidency, Anielle Francisco da Silva, Minister of Racial Equality, Brazil, noted that most decision-making spaces are occupied by white people and highlighted the importance of addressing racism in institutions. She underscored the workshop has the potential to demonstrate that local communities can provide important solutions to the climate crisis.

During the subsequent panel discussion, speakers outlined opportunities to increase engagement of local communities in the UNFCCC process, with suggestions including:

• adding three local community representatives to the Facilitative Working Group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (LCIPP);
• identifying and addressing challenges common to Indigenous Peoples and local communities through the LCIPP;
• establishing a separate window for local communities in the locally-led climate adaptation initiative under the UNFCCC;
• providing direct and simplified access modalities for Indigenous Peoples and local communities under the GCF, Adaptation Fund, and other global funds; and
• integrating gender-justice issues in discussions of local community issues.

Second dialogue on Article 6.2 ambition: The first day of this mandated event, moderated by Peer Stiansen (Norway) and Pacifica Achieng Ogola (Kenya), opened with the UNFCCC Secretariat sharing updates, including on progress in capacity-building efforts. During the session, multiple participants highlighted the importance of economic modelling and detailed policy analysis for well-informed Article 6 participation strategies. Other points included:

• the REPUBLIC OF KOREA highlighting new funds made available to strengthen partner countries’ readiness; 
• AUSTRALIA explaining how the country’s existing suite of policies, including a domestic crediting scheme, creates a clear signal for achieving its 2035 emission target exclusively through domestic actions; 
• the EU indicating a potential use of Article 6 for the bloc’s 2040 target and delineating work with partners to support host country engagement, including by addressing concerns relating to overauthorization;
• the COALITION FOR RAINFOREST NATIONS drawing attention to the importance of involving the private sector via Article 6 to increase ambition;
• AOSIS calling for: acquiring Parties to use Article 6 to “top up” NDCs rather than replace domestic action; and host countries to use it to unlock more costly mitigation options;
• AILAC echoing concerns relating to how authorization of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes might undermine NDC achievement;
• the LMDCs suggesting that the observed delay in participation suggests Parties are approaching Article 6 in a serious manner and conducting due diligence prior to engaging; 
• the UN DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) outlining enablers of participation, including national emission registries and authorization systems; and
• ENVIRONMENTAL NGOs and TRADE UNION NGOs observing that Parties plan to “misuse Article 6 as a flexibility mechanism instead of an ambition mechanism.” 

In The Corridors

The first climate conference in Brazil since the fateful 1992 Rio Earth Summit opened with a pleasant surprise: despite the ever-growing list of issues some groups and parties wanted to see addressed in the negotiations, the agendas were adopted without a hitch. The Brazilian Presidency was quick to hold up its end of the bargain, a delegate noted as they left a four-hour long Presidency consultation on several of the contentious issues not included in the agendas.

Many participants said the host country was “in full force” throughout the day. President Lula took aim at “misinformation, hate-spreading algorithms, and climate denialism” in a clear rebuttal of the current backlash against green policies experienced around the globe. Doubling down on the choice of Belém as host city, he said that overcoming the logistical challenges was a testament to what is possible with sufficient political will.

While acknowledging this symbolic value, an observer could not help but point out that many participants had to endure long daily commutes to and from the venue due to a lack of adequate accommodation options within the city. “We are surely getting out of our comfort zone,” shouted another over the noise of a tropical thunderstorm that poured on the venue in the afternoon and created waterfalls inside the plenary hall. Yet, none of this turbulence could keep delegates from wrapping up the organization of work, determined to start substantive negotiations as soon as possible.